History of Mizoram
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The origin of the Mizos, like those of many other tribes in the North Eastern India is shrouded in mystery. The generally accepted as part of a great Chinese' wave of migration from China and later moved out to India to their present habitat. It is possible that the Mizos came from Shinlung or Chhinlungsan located on the banks of the River Yalung in China. They first settled in the Shan State and moved on to Kabaw Valley to Khampat and then to the Chin Hills in the middle of the 16th century.
The earliest Mizos who migrated to India were known as Kukis, the second batch of immigrants were called New Kukis. The Lushais were the last of the Mizo tribes migrate to India. The Mizo history in the 18th and 19th Century is marked by many instances of tribal raids and retaliatory expeditions of security. Mizo Hills were formally declared as part of the British-India by a proclamation in 1895. North and south hills were united into Lushai Hills district in 1898 with Aizwal as its headquarters.
The process of the consolidation of the British Administration in tribal dominated area in Assam stated in 1919 when Lushai Hills along with some other hill districts was declared a Backward Tract under government of India Act. The tribal districts of Assam including Lushai Hills were declared Excluded Area in 1935.
It was during the British regime that a political awakening among the Mizos in Lushai Hills started taking shape the first political party, the Mizo Common People's Union was formed on 9th April 1946. The Party was later renamed as Mizo Union. As the day of Independence drew nearer, the Constituent Assembly of India set up an Advisory Committee to deal with matters relating to the minorities and the tribals. A sub-Committee, under the chairmanship of Gopinath Bordoloi was formed to advise the Constituent Assembly on the tribal affairs in the North East. The Mizo Union submitted a resolution of this Sub-committee demanding inclusion of all Mizo inhabited areas adjacent to Lushai Hills. However, a new party called the United Mizo Freedom Organisation (UMFO) came up to demand that Lushai Hills is to join Burma after Independence.
Following the Bordoloi Sub-Committee's suggestion, a certain amount of autonomy was accepted by the Government and enshrined in the Sixth Schedule of the constitution. The Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council came into being in 1952 followed by the formation of these bodies led to the abolition of chieftanship in the Mizo society.
The autonomy however met the aspirations of the Mizos only partially. Representatives of the District Council and the Mizo Union pleaded with the States Re-organisation Commission (SRC) in 1954 for integrated the Mizo-dominated areas of Tripura and Manipur with their District Council in Assam.
The tribal leaders in the North East were laboriously unhappy with the SRC Recommendation s : They met in Aizwal in 1955 and formed a new political party, Eastern Indian Union (EIU) and raised demand for a separate state comprising of all the hill districts of Assam. The Mizo Union split and the breakaway fraction joined the EIU. By this time, the UMFO also joined the EIU and then understanding of the Hill problems by the Chuliha Ministry, the demand for a separate Hill state by EIU was kept in abeyance.
Contents |
[edit] Facts and Legends
Folklore has an interests tale of offer. The Mizos, so goes the legend, emerged from under a large covering rock known as Chhinlung. Two people of the Ralte clan, known for their loquaciousness, started talking noisily while coming out of the region. They made a great noise which made th Leg God, called Pathian of the Mizos, to throw up his hands in disgust and say "enough is enough". He felt, too many people had already been allowed to step out and close the door with the rock.
History often varies from legends. But the story of the Mizos getting out into open world through a rock opening is now a part of the Mizo fable. Chhinlung however, is taken by some as the Chinese city of Sinlung or Chinlingsang situated close on the Sino-Burmese border. The Mizos have songs and stories about the glory of the ancient Chhinlung civilization handed down from one generation to the other.
It is hard to tell how far the story is true. It is nevertheless possible that the Mizos came from Sinlung or Chinlungsan located on the banks of the River Yalung in China. According to Mr. K.S.Latourette, there were political upheavals in China in 210 B.C. when the dynastic rule was abolished and the whole empire was brought under one administrative system. Rebellions broke out and chaos reigned throughout the Chinese State. That the Mizos left China as part of one of those waves of migration. Whatever the case may have been, it seems probable that the Mizos moved from China to Burma and then to India under forces of certain circumstances. They first settled in the Shan State after having overcome the resistance put up by the indigenous people. Then they changed settlements several times, moving from the Shan State to Kabaw Valley to Khampat to Chin Hills in Burma. They finally began to move across the River Tiau to India in the Middle of the 16th Century.
The Shans had already been firmly settled in their State when Mizos came there from Chhinlung around 5th Century. The Shans did not welcome the new arrivals, but failed to throw the Mizos out. The Mizos had lived happily in the Shan state for about 300 years before they moved on the Kabaw Valley around the 8th Century.
It was in the Kabaw Valley that Mizos got the opportunity to have an Unhindered interaction with the local Burmese, The two cultures met and the two tribes influenced each other in the spheres of clothing, customs, music and sports. According to some, the Mizos learnt the art of cultivation from the Burmese at Kabaw. Many of their agricultural implements bore the prefix Kawl, which was the name given by the Mizos to the Burmese.
Khampat (now in Myanmar) was known to have been the next Mizo settlement. The area claimed by the Mizos as their earliest town, was encircled by an earthen rampart and divided into several parts. The residence of the ruler stood at the central block call Nan Yar (Palace Site). The construction of the town indicates the Mizos had already acquired considerable architecture skills. They are said to have planted a banyan tree at Nan Yar before they left Khampat as a sign that the town was made by them.
The Mizos, in the early 14th century, settled at Chin Hills on the Indo-Burmese border. They built villages and called them by their clan names such as Seipui, Saihmun and Bochung. The hills and difficult terrains of Chin Hills stood in the way of the building of another central townships like Khampat. The villages were scattered so unsystematically that it was not always possible for the various Mizo clans to keep in touch with each other.
In 1959, Mizo Hills was devastated by a great famine known in Mizo history as Mautam Famine . The cause of the famine was attributed to flowering of bamboos which consequently resulted in rat population boom in large numbers. After eating up bamboos seeds, the rats turned towards crops and infested the huts and houses and became a plague to the Villages.
The havoc created by the rats was terrible and very little of the grain was harvested. For sustenance, many Mizos had to collect roots and leaves from the jungles. Others moved out to far away places to collect edible roots and leaves from the jungles. Others moved out to far away places and a considerable number died of starvation.
In this time of darkness, many welfare organisations tried their best to help starving villagers to facilitate supplies to remove the village carcasses, organise porters, animal transport to carry the air-drop food supplies.
Earlier in 1955, Mizo Cultural Society was formed in 1955 and Pu Laldenga was its Secretary. In March 1960, the name of the Mizo Cultural Society was changed to 'Mautam Front' During the famine of 1959-1960, this society took lead in demanding relief and managed to attract the attention of all sections of the people. In September 1960, the Society adopted the name of Mizo National Famine Front (MNFF). The MNFF gained considerable popularity as a large number of Mizo Youths assisted in transporting Rice and other essential commodities to interior villages.
[edit] Insurgency
The Mizo National Famine Front dropped the word 'Famine' and a new political oraganisation, the Mizo National Front (MNF) was born on 22nd October 1961 under the leadership of Laldenga with the specified goal of achieving sovereign independence of Greater Mizoram. Large scale disturbances broke out on 28th February 1966 government installations at Aizawl, Lunglei, Chawngte, Chhimluang and other places simultaneously.
While the MNF took too much trouble to secure its goal of establishing a sovereign land, other political forces in the hills of Assam were striving for a separate state. The search for a political solution to the problems facing the hill regions in Assam continued.
The Mizo National Front was outlawed in 1967. The demand for statehood had gained fresh momentum. A Mizo District Council delegation, which met prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi in May 1971 demanded a full fledge state for the Mizos. The union government in its own, offered the proposal of turning Mizo Hills into a Union Territory in July 1971. The Mizo leaders were ready to accept the offer on condition that the status of U.T would be upgraded to statehood sooner rather than later. The Union Territory of Mizoram came into being on 21st January, 1972. Mizoram got two seats in the Parliament, one each in the Lok Sabha and in the Rajya Sabha.
[edit] Birth
Rajiv Gandhi's assumption of power following his mother's death signalled the beginning of a new era in Indian politics. Laldenga met the Prime Minister on 15th February 1985. Some contentious issues, which could not be resolved, during previous talks, referred to him for his advice.
All the trends indicated that neither the Centre nor the MNF would pass up the opportunity, that had presented itself to have a full flexibility. New Delhi felt that Mizo problem had been dragging on for the long a time, while the MNF was convinced that bidding farewell to arms to live as respectable Indian Citizens was the only way of achieving peace and development.
The statehood was a prerequisite to the implementing of the accord signed between the MNF and the Union Government on 30th June, 1986. The document was signed by Laldenga, on the behalf of MNF, and the Union Home Secretary, Mr. R.D. Pradhan on behalf of the Government, Mr. Lalkhama, Chief Secretary of Mizoram, too signed the agreement.
The MNF volunteers came out of their hiding and surrendered arms to makeshift bamboo huts up for the purpose at Parva and Marpara. A total of 614 activists gave themselves up in less than two weeks in July. Large quantities of small and big firearms including LMGs and rifles were received from them.
While the MNF kept its part of the bargain, the Centre initiated efforts to raise the status of Mizoram to a full fledged State. A constitution Amendment Bill and another to confer statehood, on Mizoram, was passed in the Lok Sabha on 5th August, 1986.
The formalization of Mizoram State took place on 20th February, 1987. The Chief Secretary, Lalkhama read out the proclamation of statehood at a public meeting organised at Aizawl's Parade Ground. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi flew into Aizawl to inaugurate the new state. Mr. Hiteshwar Saikia was appointed as Governor of Mizoram.
[edit] Places of interest
[edit] Blue Mountain
The Highest peak in Mizoram, The Blue Mountain (Phawngpui) is situated in Chhimtuipui district overlooking the bend of the River Koldyne (Chhimtuipui) close on the state's border with Myanmar. The peak 2,157 metre in height and encircled by Bamboo groves at the top where there is a level ground of about 2 km², offers a grand view of the height hills and the meandering undulated Valleys. The woods around it, are home to various species of beautiful and rare flora and fauna.
[edit] Pukzing Cave
The largest Cave in Mizoram, it is situated at Pukzing village near Marpara near the Aizawl district (Mamit). Legend has it that the cave was carved out of the hills with the help of only a hair pin by a very strong man called Mualzavata.
[edit] Milu Puk
In the Mizo language, puk means a cave. Situated near Mamte Village over 100 km, from Lunglei town, the Milu Puk, which is a large cave, was found many years ago that contained heaps of Human Skeleton.
[edit] Lamsial Puk
Sitiuated near Farkawn Village in Aizawl (Champhai) district, is a cave which is a silent testimony to a battle between two neighbouring villages in which many lost their lives. The bodies of the fighters from village Lamsial are said to have been kept in the cave.
[edit] Kungarwrhi Puk
A cave in Aizawl district, it is situated on a hill between Farkawn and Vaphai Village. According to the folktales, a beautiful young girl by the name of Kungawrhi was abducted and kept confined in the forlorn cave by some evil spirits when she was on her way to her husband's village. Kungawrhi, however, was later rescued by her husband from the prison of the spirits.
[edit] Sibuta Lung
Erected about three hundreds years ago by a tribal chief, this memorial stone is named after him. The memorial offers a story of jilted love and lust for revenge. Having been rejected by a girl he fell headlong in love with her, Sibuta went mad for revenge and decided to raise a memorial of himself in a manner which displayed an insane mind. A huge rock awash with the blood of three people sacrificed by Sibuta was carried over a distance of 10 km from the Tlwang River. Darlalpuii, a beautiful young girl, was crushed alive in a pit dug to erect the mausoleum. The memorial was raised over Darlai who lost her life under weight of the stone.
[edit] Phulpui Grave
A tale of love and tragedy also hangs by this grave located at Phulpui Village in Aizawl District. Tualvungi, a raging beauty in her time, was married to Zawlpala, the Phulpui chief. She was later forced by some circumstances to marry Phuntia, Chief of another village. But Tualvungi could not forget her first love. She came to Phulpui years after Zawlpala's death, a pit dug by the side of his grave and persuaded an old woman to kill and bury there.
[edit] Chhingpuii Memorial
Raised to the memory of a young woman called Chhingpuii who was exceedingly beautiful, it is situated between Baktawng and Chhingchhip village on the Aizawl - Lunglei Road. Chhingpuii, born to an aristocratic family, selected Kaptluanga as her husband from among her many suitors. But her happiness was short-lived, as a war broke out afterwards. Chhingpuii was abducted and killed. The grief-stricken Kaptluanga took his own life. The stone memorial reminds one of the legendary love story of Chhingpuii and Kaptluanga.
[edit] Mangkhai Lung
A large memorial stone, it was erected about three hundred years ago at Champhai to the memory of a well-known Ralte chief, Mangkhaia.
[edit] Gautam Buddha's Image
An engraved image of Gautam Buddha, with those of dancing girls on either side, was found at a site near Mualcheng Village about 50 km from Lunglei town. The site also has another stone slab on which some human footmarks and a few implements like spearhead and Dao are engraved. The area is close to the Chittagong Hill Tracts which was under which the Buddhists influenced a few centuries ago. It is assumed that some visiting Buddhists from the Hill Tracts were responsible for the Buddha engraving.
[edit] Suangpuilawn Inscriptions
A stone slab lies by a stream at Suangpuilawn viewage in Aizwal district with strange words inscribed on it. The inscription remains to be deciphered till date. However, it is believed that the inscription were done by some people who inhabited the area in ancient times.
[edit] Thangliana Lung
Captain T.H. Lewin was one of the first Englishmen to come to Mizoram. The District Commissioner of the Chittagong Hills Tracts, who entered Mizoram by way of Demagiri (Tlabung) in 1865, became so popular with the local tribesmen that as a mark of respect, he was called Thangliana which meant 'greatly famous'. He lived with the Mizos for nine years and authored the first Lushai book. His memorial stone at Demagiri remains as evidence of the extent of his popularity with the Mizos.
