Henry M. Jackson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Scoop Jackson" redirects here. For the basketball writer, see Scoop Jackson (writer).

Henry Martin Jackson
U.S. Senator, Washington
In office January 1953–September 1983
Preceded by	Harry P. Cain
Succeeded by	Daniel J. Evans
Born	May 31, 1912 Everett, Washington
Died	September 1, 1983 Everett, Washington
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Helen Jackson

Henry Martin "Scoop" Jackson (May 31, 1912 – September 1, 1983) was a U.S. Congressman and Senator for Washington State from 1941 until his death. Jackson was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1972 and 1976.

As a Cold War anti-Communist Democrat, Jackson's political philosophies and positions have been cited as an influence on a number of key figures associated with neoconservatism, including Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle [1].

Contents 1 Personal life and early career 2 Legislative career 2.1 Criticism 3 National prominence and presidential campaigns 3.1 1976 presidential campaign 4 Legacy 4.1 Posthumous honors 4.2 Influence on neoconservatism 4.3 Jackson Papers controversy 5 Quotes 6 See also 7 External links

[edit] Personal life and early career

Born in Everett, Washington, Jackson went on to graduate with a bachelor's degree from Stanford University and a law degree from the University of Washington, where he joined the Delta Chi fraternity. In 1935 (the year of his law school graduation) he was admitted to the bar and began to practice law in Everett. He found immediate success, and won election to become the prosecuting attorney for Snohomish County from 1938 to 1940, where he made a name for himself prosecuting bootleggers and gamblers.

In 1961, Jackson, called by Time Magazine the Senate's "most eligible bachelor"[2], married Helen Hardin, a 28-year old Senate receptionist, but Jackson didn't move out of his childhood home where he lived with his unmarried sisters for several years. The Jacksons had two children, Anna Marie Laurence and Peter Jackson; Peter is currently a speechwriter for Governor Christine Gregoire.

Jackson was nicknamed "Scoop" by his sister in his childhood, after a comic strip character that he is said to have resembled.

[edit] Legislative career

Jackson successfully ran for Congress as a Democrat in 1940 and took his seat in the House of Representatives with the Seventy-Seventh Congress on January 3, 1941. From that date forward, Jackson did not lose a congressional election.

Jackson joined the Army when World War II started, but left when Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered all Congressmen to return home or resign their seats.

As a representative, he visited the Buchenwald concentration camp a few days after its liberation in 1945. He attended the International Maritime Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1945 with the American delegation, and was elected president of the same conference in 1946, when it was held in Seattle, Washington. From 1945 to 1947, Jackson was also the chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs. In the 1952 election, Jackson relinquished his seat in the House for a run at one of Washington's Senate seats—he won that election, and remained a Senator for over thirty years. Jackson died in office in 1983 after winning re-election for the fifth time in 1982.

Though Jackson opposed the excesses of Joe McCarthy (who had travelled to Washington State to campaign against him in 1952), he also criticized Dwight Eisenhower for not spending enough on national defense, and called for more inter-continental ballistic missles in the national arsenal. Jackson's support for nuclear weapons resulted in a primary challenge from the left in 1958, when he handily defeated Seattle peace activist Alice Franklin Bryant before winning re-election with 67 percent of the vote--a total he topped the next four times he ran for re-election.[3] [4]

In 1963, Jackson was made chairman of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, which became the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources in 1977, a position he held until 1981.

Jackson authored the National Environmental Policy Act and was a leader of the fight for statehood for Alaska and Hawaii. In 1974, Jackson co-sponsored the Jackson-Vanik amendment with Charles Vanik, which denied normal trade relations to certain countries with non-market economies that restricted the freedom of emigration. The amendment was intended to help refugees, particularly religious minorities, specifically Jews, to emigrate from the Soviet Bloc. Jackson and his assistant, Richard Perle also lobbied personally for some people who were affected by this law—among them Natan Sharansky. Jackson also led the opposition within the Democratic Party against the SALT II treaty, and was one of the leading proponents of increased foreign aid to Israel.

For decades, Democrats who supported a strong international presence for the United States have been called "Scoop Jackson Democrats," the term even being used to describe contemporary Democrats like Joe Lieberman and R. James Woolsey, Jr.[5], [6].

Jackson served almost his entire Senate tenure concurrently with his good friend and Democratic colleague Warren G. Magnuson. "Scoop" and "Maggie" - as they affectionately called each other - were one of the most effective delegations in the history of the United States Senate in terms of "bringing home the bacon" for their home state. Washington State received nearly one sixth of public works appropriations, even though it ranked 23rd in population.[7]

[edit] Criticism

Jackson was often criticized for his support for the Vietnam War and his close ties to the defense industries of his state. His proposal of Fort Lawton as a site for an anti-ballistic missile system was strongly opposed by local residents, and Jackson was forced to modify his position on the location of the site several times, though he continued to support ABM development. American Indian rights activists then protested Jackson's plan to give Fort Lawton to Seattle instead of returning it to local tribes, staging a sit-in. In the eventual compromise, most of Fort Lawton became Discovery Park, with twenty acres leased to United Indians of All Tribes, who opened the Daybreak Star Cultural Center there in 1977.

Opponents derided him as "the Senator from Boeing" because of his consistent support for additional military spending on weapons systems and accusations of wrongful contributions from the company; in 1965, eighty percent of Boeing's contracts were military.[8], [9] Jackson and Magnuson's campaigning for an expensive government supersonic transport plane project eventually failed.

After his death, critics pointed to Jackson's support for Japanese American internment camps during World War II as a reason to protest the placement of his bust at the University of Washington.[10]

[edit] National prominence and presidential campaigns

Jackson was not only successful as a politician in Washington State, but also found recognition on the national level, rising to the position of chairman of the Democratic National Committee in 1960 after being considered for the vice presidential ticket spot that eventually went to fellow Senator Lyndon Baines Johnson.

Jackson ran for president twice; his campaigns were noted for the hostile reception they received from the left wing of the Democratic Party. Jackson's one-on-one campaigning skills, so successful in Washington state, did not translate as well on the national stage, and even his supporters admitted he suffered from a certain lack of charisma.[11] [12] [13]

Jackson was little known nationally when he first ran in 1972. He was immediately hit by accusations of corruption because of (legal) campaign contributions from oil interests, and George McGovern, who eventually won the nomination, accused Jackson of racism for his opposition to busing, despite Jackson's longstanding record on civil rights issues. Jackson dropped out of the race after finishing well behind McGovern, Ed Muskie, Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace in early primaries.[14] [15]

[edit] 1976 presidential campaign

Jackson raised his national profile by speaking out on Soviet-American relations and Middle East policy regularly, and was considered a front-runner for the nomination when he announced the start of his campaign in February 1975. Jackson received substantial financial support from Jewish-Americans who admired his pro-Israel views, but Jackson's support of the Vietnam War resulted in hostility from the left wing of the Democratic Party. Jackson chose to run on social issues, emphasizing law and order and his opposition to busing and abortion. Jackson was also hoping for support from labor, but the possibility that Hubert Humphrey might enter the race caused unions to offer only lukewarm support.[16] [17] [18] [19]

Jackson made the fateful decision not to compete in the early Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary, which Jimmy Carter won after liberals split their votes among four other candidates; had Jackson run in New Hampshire, he might have split the moderate-to-right wing vote in the primary, Morris Udall probably would have won the primary, and history might well be different.[20] Though Jackson won the Massachusetts and New York primaries, he dropped out on May 1 after losing the critical Pennsylvania primary to Carter by twelve points and running out of money.[21] [22] [23] [24]

[edit] Legacy

Jackson died suddenly in 1983 in Everett of an aortic aneurysm, shortly after giving a news conference condemning the Soviet attack on Korean Air Flight 007. He was greatly mourned; senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan stated "Henry Jackson is proof of the old belief in the Judaic tradition that at any moment in history goodness in the world is preserved by the deeds of 36 just men who do not know that this is the role the Lord has given them. Henry Jackson was one of those men." Jackson is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Everett.

[edit] Posthumous honors

• Jackson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously in 1984; Ronald Reagan called him "one of the greatest lawmakers of our century,"[25] and stated

"Scoop Jackson was convinced that there's no place for partisanship in foreign and defense policy. He used to say, 'In matters of national security, the best politics is no politics.' His sense of bipartisanship was not only natural and complete; it was courageous. He wanted to be President, but I think he must have known that his outspoken ideas on the security of the Nation would deprive him of the chance to be his party's nominee in 1972 and '76. Still, he would not cut his convictions to fit the prevailing style.

"I'm deeply proud, as he would have been, to have Jackson Democrats serve in my administration. I'm proud that some of them have found a home here."[26]

• In 1983, he was awarded Delta Chi of the Year.

• With his death in office, the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport was initially renamed Henry M. Jackson International Airport, but political resistance to the change led to this being reversed in favor of Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. It wasn't that the public didn't want to honor the late Senator, but rather leaders in both Seattle and Tacoma (Tacoma, in particular), fearing the loss of convention business, demanded that their cities name be included in the name of the airport. The airport lies between the two cities in the municipality of SeaTac.

• One of Jackson's last acts as Senator was to sponsor legislation creating what became the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, which was named after him after his death.

• The Jackson family created the Henry M. Jackson Foundation to give grants to nonprofits and educational institutions. Board members include Richard Perle, Tom Foley, and Jeane Kirkpatrick.[27]

• The University of Washington has named the Jackson School of International Studies in his honor. However, students objecting to Jackson's hawkish views on the Cold War in the mid-1980s caused the university to move a bust of the senator to the end of an abandoned corridor until it was restored to a more prominent place outside the Jackson School in 2006.[28]

• The US Navy submarine Henry M. Jackson was also named after him, in recognition of his longtime support of the nation's military.

• In 1994, the Everett School District completed construction of Henry M. Jackson High School in Mill Creek, Washington.

• The Henry M. Jackson Wilderness Area was created in his honor by the 1984 Washington Wilderness Act.

• The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, with the cooperation of the Jackson family, awards a Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson Distinguished Service Award to individuals for their career dedication to U.S. national security. Jackson won the first award in 1982, and it was named after him after his death. Winners include Max Cleland, Joe Lieberman, Dick Cheney, Jane Harman, and Paul Wolfowitz.[29]

[edit] Influence on neoconservatism

Jackson believed that evil should be confronted with power.[30] His support for civil rights and equality at home,[31] married to his opposition to detente,[32] his support for human rights [33] and democratic allies[34], and his firm belief that the United States could be a force for good in the world [35] inspired a legion of loyal aides who went on to propound Jackson's philosophy as part of neoconservatism. In addition to Richard Perle, neoconservatives Paul Wolfowitz, Elliott Abrams, Charles Horner, and Douglas Feith were former Democratic aides to Jackson who, disillusioned with the Carter administration, supported Ronald Reagan and joined his administration in 1981, later becoming prominent foreign policy makers in the 21st-century Bush administration. Neoconservative Ben Wattenberg was a prominent political aide to Jackson's 1972 and 1976 presidential campaigns. Wolfowitz has called himself a "Scoop Jackson Republican" on multiple occasions.[36][37] Many journalists and scholars across the political spectrum have noted links between Senator Jackson and modern neoconservatism.[38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47]

Jackson biographer Robert Kaufman says "There is no question in my mind that the people who supported Iraq are supporting Henry Jackson's instincts."[48]

Peter Beinart, author of The Good Fight: Why Liberals---and Only Liberals---Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again, argues that the Democratic Party should return to Jackson's values in its foreign policy, criticizing current-day neoconservatives for failing to adopt Jackson's domestic policy views along with his foreign policy views.[49] [50]

In 2005, the Henry Jackson Society was formed at the University of Cambridge, England. The non-partisan British group is dedicated to "pursuit of a robust foreign policy ... based on clear universal principles such as the global promotion of the rule of law, liberal democracy, civil rights, environmental responsibility and the market economy" as part of "Henry Jackson's legacy."[51] The Society, however, disclaims any neoconservative affiliation.[52]

[edit] Jackson Papers controversy

This article or section needs to be updated. Parts of this article or section have been identified as no longer being up to date. Please update the article to reflect recent events, and remove this template when finished.

In 2005, twenty-two years after his death, US government officials, including three members of the Central Intelligence Agency, seized and removed several of Senator Jackson's archived documents housed at the University of Washington [53] [54]. Though a team of the university's staff in 1983 removed all information considered classified at the time, the officials were verifying anything still considered classified, or reclassified since then, had been removed. The documents are pending declassification at the University as of March 2005.[55]

[edit] Quotes

• "In matters of national security, the best politics is no politics."[56]

• "I'm not a hawk or a dove. I just don't want my country to be a pigeon."

• "If you believe in the cause of freedom, then proclaim it, live it and protect it, for humanity's future depends on it."

• "The richest country in the world can afford whatever it needs for defense." (1960, campaigning for Kennedy)

• "We all want to put the brakes on the arms race...we all want to achieve arms control...but to those who say we must take risks for peace by cutting the meat from our military muscle, I say you are unwittingly risking war."[57]

• "When we have something we feel strongly about -- and in this case it is civil liberties and freedom and what this nation was founded upon, that we should do something to implement international law -- and it is international law now, the right to leave a country freely and return freely -- that we should put that issue of principle on the table knowing that the Russians are not going to agree to it." (1974, opposing détente) [58]

• "I believe that international terrorism is a modern form of warfare against liberal democracies. I believe that the ultimate but seldom stated goal of these terrorists is to destroy the very fabric of democracy. I believe that it is both wrong and foolhardy for any democratic state to consider international terrorism to be 'someone else's' problem.... Liberal democracies must acknowledge that international terrorism is a 'collective problem.'" (1979, Jerusalem) [59]

• "The danger of Americans being killed, the danger of divisiveness that would accrue from those developments ... are all too real. A superpower should not play that kind of role in a cauldron of trouble, because sooner or later we are going to get hurt." (on Reagan's 1982 decision to send troops to Lebanon) [60]

[edit] See also

• Washington state congressional delegates

[edit] External links

• HistoryLink.org biography
• 1972 presidential campaign brochure
• Henry M Jackson Papers
• Bust of Henry Jackson at US Senate
• Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine
• Henry M Jackson Foundation
• The Henry Jackson Society at the University of Cambridge
• "Democrat hawk whose ghost guides Bush", from The Guardian 6 December 2002.
• Henry Jackson on Find-A-Grave

Preceded by: Monrad C. Wallgren (D)	United States Representative for the 2nd Congressional District of Washington 1941 – 1953	Succeeded by: Alfred Westland (R)
Preceded by: Harry P. Cain (R)	United States Senator (Class 1) from Washington 1953 – 1983	Succeeded by: Dan Evans (R)