Henry L. Dawes
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Henry Laurens Dawes (October 30, 1816 – February 5, 1903) was a Republican United States Senator and United States Representative, notable for the Dawes Act.
He was born in Cummington, Massachusetts. After graduating from Yale University in 1839, he taught at Greenfield, Massachusetts, and also edited The Greenfield Gazette. In 1842, he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law at North Adams, where for a time he edited The Transcript. He served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1848-1849 and in 1852, in the state Senate in 1850, and in the Massachusetts constitutional convention iii 1853.
From 1853 to 1857, he was United States district attorney for the western district of Massachusetts; and from 1857 to 1875, he was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1875, he succeeded Charles Sumner as U.S. senator from Massachusetts, serving until 1893.
During this long period of legislative activity, he served in the House on the committees on elections, ways and means, and appropriations, took a prominent part in the anti-slavery and Reconstruction measures during and after the Civil War, in tariff legislation, and in the establishment of a fish commission and the inauguration of daily weather reports.
In the Senate, he was chairman of the committee on Indian affairs, where he concentrated on the enactment of laws that he believed were for the benefit of the Indians.
Dawes most prominent achievement in congress was the passage in 1887 of the General Allotment Act of 1887 ((Dawes Act), ch. 119, 24 Stat. 388, et seq.), which authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal land and divide the area into allotments for the individual Indian. It was enacted February 8, 1887, and named for Dawes, its sponsor. The Act was amended in 1891 and again in 1906, by the Burke Act.
The Dawes Commission, set up under an Indian Office appropriation bill in 1893, was created, not to administer the Act, but to attempt to persuade the tribes excluded under the Act to agree to the allotment plan. It was this commission that registered the members of the Five Civilized Tribes and many Indian names appear on the rolls. The Curtis Act of 1908 abolished tribal jurisdiction of Indian land.
On leaving the Senate, in 1893, he became chairman of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes (the Dawes Commission) and served in this capacity for ten years, negotiating with the tribes for the extinction of the communal title to their land and for the dissolution of the tribal governments, with the object of making the tribes a constituent part of the United States.
Dawes died at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, in 1903.
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- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
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| Preceded by Mark Trafton |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 11th congressional district 1857–1863 |
Succeeded by Henry L. Dawes |
| Preceded by Charles Delano |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 10th congressional district 1863–1873 |
Succeeded by Alvah Crocker |
| Preceded by Henry L. Dawes |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 11th congressional district 1873–1875 |
Succeeded by Chester W. Chapin |
| Preceded by William B. Washburn |
United States Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts 1875–1893 Served alongside: George S. Boutwell, George F. Hoar |
Succeeded by Henry Cabot Lodge |
