Hedley Byrne v. Heller
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Hedley Byrne v. Heller [1963] 2 All E.R. 575 is the decision of the House of Lords that first recognized the possibility of liability for pure economic loss, not dependent on any contractual relationship, for negligent statements. The basis of this liability was variously held to be an "assumption of responsibility" to the claimant, a "special relationship" between the parties, or a relationship "equivalent to contract".
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[edit] Facts
The bankers for Hedley Byrne (an advertising partnership) telephoned the bank of Heller & Partners Ltd. inquiring about the financial state and credit record of one of Heller's client companies, Easipower Ltd. Hedley Byrne was about to undertake some significant advertising contracts for them, and wanted to be sure of their financial security. Heller vouched for their client's record but qualified it by waiving responsibility, stating that the information was: "for your private use and without responsibility on the part of the bank and its officials." Hedley Byrne relied on this information and entered into a contract with Easipower which went bankrupt soon afterwards. Unable to obtain their debt from the bankrupt, Hedley Bryne sued Heller for negligence, claiming that the information was given negligently and was misleading.
[edit] Ruling
The court found that the relationship between the parties was "sufficiently proximate" as to create a duty of care. It was reasonable for them to have known that the information that they had given would likely have been relied upon for entering into a contract of some sort. This would give rise, the court said, to a "special relationship", in which the defendant would have to take sufficient care in giving advice to avoid negligence liability. However, on the facts, the disclaimer was found to be sufficient enough to discharge any duty created by Heller's actions.
[edit] Subsequent Developments
[edit] Smith v Eric S. Bush
The defendants were surveyors for a mortgagee. They performed a survey of the house, declaring it to need no significant repair. Relying on this, the house was conveyed to a purchaser. The chimney stack in the house subsequently fell down, and the purchaser sued for the negligent statement. It was held that even though the defendants had issued a liability waiver, this could not stand up to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977's test of reasonableness. More importantly, however, the court held that it was not unreasonable for the purchaser of a modest house to rely on the surveyors' evaluation, as it was such common practice. In this way the court extended Hedley Byrne liability to proximate third parties.
[edit] White v Jones
In this case, which was only carried by a 3:2 majority, a solicitor was told to draw up a new will, splitting the testator's estate between the two plaintiffs, his daughters. He negligently failed to do this by the time of the testator's death, and the estate passed in accordance with the testator's wishes expressed in a previous will. The daughters sued the solicitor in negligence. It was held that the solicitor had assumed a special relationship towards them, creating a duty of care which he had carried out negligently, and therefore had to indemnify them for their loss. Once again this extended Hedley Byrne liability to a proximate third party.
[edit] Henderson v Meritt Syndicates Ltd [1994]
This case concerned the near collapse of Lloyd's of London when hurricanes in America devastated its property holdings. It called upon its "Names" (the shareholders) to indemnify them for its losses. The Names sued the shareholding company for mismanagement and negligence. The Names were both direct shareholders and, crucially, those who had obtained a stake through another third party agent. It was held that Meritt Syndicates was liable to both types of shareholders, as there was enough forseeability to extend pure economic loss liablity to "un-proximate" third parties. The major significance here was, however, the allowance of claims in both contract and tort, which blurred the divide between the two. Some of the first party Names claimed in tort to overcome the three year limit in which an action must be taken in contract. In allowing such an action, the House of Lords expressly overruled Lord Scarman's ruling in Tai Hing Cotton Mill Ltd v Liu Chung Hing Bank Ltd [1986], in which it was held that: "there is nothing advantageous to the law's development in searching for a liability in tort where the parties are in a contractual relationship." The allowance of concurrent actions was immensely controversial, as it ran contrary to legal orthodoxy.
[edit] Subsequent Limitations
[edit] Caparo Industries v Dickman
In Caparo Industries Plc. v Dickman, which concerned the auditors of a financial company, it was held that there could be no "special relationship" if the defendants were merely doing what was required by statute, namley providing shareholders with the previous year's audit.
