Hari Singh

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Maharaja Hari Singh (1895–1961) was the last ruling Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in India.

Singh was hostile towards the Congress, in part because of the close friendship between Abdullah and Nehru. He also opposed the Muslim League and its members' communalist outlook illustrated in their two-nation theory.

In 1947, Hari Singh chose to accede his kingdom to India, although a majority of the kingdom's population was Muslim. Pakistan and India fought several wars over possession of the state.

He was father of Karan Singh, an Indian politician who would have been the present Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. Karan Singh was born as the heir-apparent to the then ruler of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, to Hari Singh and his wife Maharani Tara Devi.

[edit] The royal house of Jammu and Kashmir

The chronology of the rulers of Jammu dates back to the Ramayana Period. They traced their ancestry to the Ikshvaku (Solar) Dynasty of Northern India, the same clan in which, according to legend, Rama was born. Rama is the 'kuldevta' (family deity) of the Dogras.

A Raghuvanshi descendant, Agnigarba, who was living as a recluse, came to Nagarkote (Kangra, Himachal Pradesh), in the Shivalik Hills. When the Raja of Kangra came to know about this person's ancestry, he offered him the hand of his daughter and a part of kingdom. The river Ravi was then the boundary of Nagarkote. Agnigarba crossed it and captured some villages in the Kathua area and declared himself as sovereign king.

After his death, his son Bayusharva (B.C. 1530-1500) married the princess of Parole (Kathua). The princess was known as Erwan and she died young. The Raja founded a city after her which is still found near Parole, though now a small village and at the 'Samadhi' of the queen, a `Mela' (fair) is held at every `Baisakhi' (13 or 14 April) every year. Bayusharva extended the boundaries up to the river Ujh. Bayusharva's great grandson, Bahulochan was enthroned after his death. He migrated from Erwan and built his fort on the banks of river Tawi. Bahulochan died in a bloody battle with Chadaras, Raja of Sialkot (Shayalkot) and his younger brother Jambulochan (B.C 1320-1290) ascended the throne. In those days the area beyond Tawi (the present city of Jammu) was used for hunting. Tradition has it that one day Jambulochan came to this area and while he was sitting behind a bush to ambush some bird or animal, he saw a lion( a tiger in some accounts) and a goat drinking water from the same pond. This peaceful coexistence encouraged him to found the city of Jammu, which some say is named after him.

One of his descendants, Raja Shaktikaran (B.C 1200-1177) introduced the Dogri Script for the first time. Another of his descendants, Jasdev founded the city of Jasrota on the bank of river Ujh, and another Raja, Karan Dev built a fort on the banks of the river Basantar. In the early centuries of the first millennium the area came under the sway of the Indo-Greeks, with their capital at Sakala (Sialkot).

Among the rulers of Jammu was Raja Ranjit Dev (1728-1780), who introduced social reforms such as a ban on sati (immolation of the wife on the pyre of the husband) and female infanticide.

Later, under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the state became part of the Sikh Kingdom of the Punjab. Ranjit Singh rendered this state to his general, Gulab Singh, who belonged to the Jamwal Rajput clan that ruled Jammu. He extended the boundaries of Jammu to western Tibet with the help of General Zorawar Singh, who has been referred to by British Historians as the 'Napoleon of India'.Dogra rule extended beyond the Jammu Region and the Kashmir Valley to the Tibetan Buddhist Kingdom of Ladakh and the Emirates of Hunza, Gilgit and Nagar. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1846, Jammu again became an independent Rajput Kingdom under Maharaja Gulab Singh, as per the treaties signed between the British and the Sikhs.

Maharaja Partab Singh (enthroned in 1855) saw the construction of Banihal Cart Road (B.C. Road) mainly to facilitate telegraph services.

[edit] Hari Singh's reign

The last ruler of J&K was Maharaja Hari Singh, who ascended the throne in 1925. He made primary education compulsory in the State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and threw open places of worship for the low castes.^{[citation needed]}

Singh's reign saw the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to the newly independent Indian Union in 1947. He originally manoeuvered to maintain his independence by playing off India and Pakistan against each other. However, following an incursion by tribesmen from Pakistan in October 1947, Singh appealed to India for its help. He acceded to India, though there is considerable controversy over exactly at what point.

These events triggered the first Indo-Pakistan War. Singh retreated to Jammu and eventually left the state.

In 1951 Singh's rule was terminated by the state government of Indian-administered Kashmir. His son Yuvraj (Crown Prince) Karan Singh was made 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' ('President of the Province') and Governor of the State in 1964.

[edit] External links

• Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Jammu and Kashmir
• Dr Karan Singh’s official website
• Article on Karan Singh, by Indian Princely States website
• Article on Karan Singh by the Doon School
• Proclamation of May 1, 1951 on Jammu & Kashmir Constituent Assembly by Karan Singh from the official website of Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India

Regnal Titles
Preceded by Partab Singh	Maharaja of Kashmir 1925-1949	Succeeded by Title abolished