Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

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In human genetics, Haplogroup P (M45) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

This haplogroup contains the patrilineal ancestors of most Europeans and almost all of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Haplogroup P is a branch of Haplogroup K (M9). It is believed to have arisen north of the Hindu Kush, in Siberia, Kazakhstan, or Uzbekistan, approximately 35,000 to 40,000 years ago.

The descendant haplogroups of P include Q (M242) and R (M173).

Besides the typically European/South Asian Haplogroup R and South-Central Siberian/Native American Haplogroup Q, other patrilines derived from Haplogroup P-M45 are labeled for sake of convenience as Haplogroup P* and are reported to have been found at low to moderate frequency among modern populations of Central Asia, Siberia, East Asia, and the Russian Far East. There is a conspicuous presence of Haplogroup P* on the Isle of Hvar in the Adriatic Sea off the Dalmatian coast of Croatia, which may be due to historical immigration of Avars from Central Asia. There have also been reports of Haplogroup P* from samples of Ashkenazi Jews, Native Americans, and some populations of South Asia and Oceania, but it is not entirely clear whether these were truly Haplogroup P* or rather instances of a rare haplogroup derived from Haplogroup P, such as Haplogroup R2 or Haplogroup Q.

[edit] Subgroups

The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation, according to the 2006 ISOGG tree:

P (92R7, M45, M74, N12, P27)
- P*
- Q (MEH2, M242, P36)
  - Q*
  - Q1 (M120, N14 (M265))
    - Q1*
    - Q1a (M378)
  - Q2 (M25, M143)
  - Q3 (M3) Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas
    - Q3*
    - Q3a (M19)
    - Q3b (M194)
    - Q3c (M199)
  - Q4 (P48)
  - Q5 (M323)
  - Q6 (M346)
- R (M207 (UTY2), M306 (S1), S4, S8, S9)
  - R*
  - R1 (M173)
    - R1*
    - R1a (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532))
      - R1a*
      - R1a1 (M17, M198) Typical of Eastern Europeans, Central Asians, and South Asians
        
        R1a1*
        
        R1a1a (M56)
        
        R1a1b (M157)
        
        R1a1c (M64.2, M87, M204)
    - R1b (M343) Typical of Western Europeans
      - R1b*
      - R1b1 (P25)
        
        R1b1*
        
        R1b1a (M18)
        
        R1b1b (M73)
        
        R1b1c (M269, S3, S10, S13, S17)
        
        R1b1c*
        
        R1b1c1 (M37)
        
        R1b1c2 (M65)
        
        R1b1c3 (M126)
        
        R1b1c4 (M153)
        
        R1b1c5 (M160)
        
        R1b1c6 (SRY2627 (M167))
        
        R1b1c7 (M222)
        
        R1b1c8 (P66)
        
        R1b1c9 (S21)
        
        R1b1c9*
        
        R1b1c9a (L1 (S26))
        
        R1b1c9b (S29)
        
        R1b1c10 (S28)
        
        R1b1d (M335)
  - R2 (M124) Typical of South Asians and, to a lesser extent, Central Asians and Caucasian peoples