H-3 Sea King
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Sikorsky H-3 Sea King | |
|---|---|
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| US Navy Sea King | |
| Type | Medium-lift transport/utility helicopter |
| Manufacturer | Sikorsky |
| Maiden flight | 1959 |
| Introduced | 1961 |
| Status | Active service |
| Primary users | US Navy Canadian Navy Royal Danish Air Force Royal Malaysian Air Force Brazilian Navy Argentine Navy Japan Maritime Self Defence Force |
| Variants | Westland Sea King |
The Sikorsky S-61, better known by its US military designation H-3 Sea King, is a twin-engined multi-purpose helicopter. It serves with the United States Navy and other forces, and in many countries around the world.
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[edit] Overview
Designed by Sikorsky, the Sea King first flew in 1959, and was operational with the United States Navy in June 1961 as the HSS-2. The designation for the aircraft was changed with the introduction of the unified aircraft designation system in 1962 to the H-3. It was intended from the start to be used for shipboard operations (e.g., the five main rotor blades as well as tail section with its five blades can be folded for easy stowage). It was used primarily for anti-submarine warfare, but also served in anti-ship, search and rescue, transport, communications, executive transport and Airborne Early Warning roles. For flight operations the helicopter is the first aircraft in the air and the last to land serving as plane guard and SAR for the fixed winged aircraft. In the US Navy, it was replaced in the ASW and S&R roles by the SH-60 Sea Hawk during the 1990s, but continues in service for other roles, for ASW in the reserves, and around the world. All H-3 aircraft still in US Navy service are used in the logistics support, range support, Search and Rescue, test, and VIP transport roles.
The Westland Sea King variant was manufactured under license by Westland Helicopters, Ltd. in the United Kingdom, who developed a specially modified version for the Royal Navy. It is powered by a pair of British Rolls-Royce Bristol Gnome turbines, and has British avionics and ASW equipment. This variant first flew in 1969, and entered service the next year. It was also used by the Royal Air Force and has been sold round the world. Aircraft were also manufactured under license in Japan.
Countries to which the Sea King has been exported include Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, Germany, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Thailand, Venezuela and the United Kingdom.
Armaments and equipment of Sea Kings vary widely with their role. Typical armaments can be four torpedoes, four depth charges or two anti-ship missiles (Sea Eagle or Exocet). A large Chaff Pod was sometimes carried for anti-ship missile defense of the Carrier Battle Group. ASW equipment included a dipping sonar, sonobouys, Magnetic Anomaly Detector, and Data link. In the Search and Rescue role the cabin can accommodate 22 survivors or nine stretchers and two medical officers. In the troop transport role 28 soldiers can be accommodated.
Because of its amphibious hull, the Sea King has the ability to land on water. However, this is a risky maneuver and used only in emergencies, as the hull can only remain watertight for a few minutes. The sponsons were fitted with deployable airbags to enhance floatation. The "water landing" ability made the U. S. Coast Guard variant, the HH-3F, a dependable workhorse from the late 1960s until it was phased out in the late 1990s.
A Sea King is used as the official helicopter of the President of the United States and is operated by the United States Marine Corps. It is known as Marine One when the president is actually aboard.
The S-61 was also built under licence in Italy by Agusta.
[edit] Canadian experience
The Royal Canadian Navy was authorized to purchase 41 Sea King models in 1963, designating them CH-124. The helicopters at that time were state of the art and served well, being well liked by crews. The RCN developed a technique for landing the huge helicopters on small ship decks, using a 'hauldown' winch (called a 'bear trap'), earning aircrews the nickname of 'Crazy Canucks'. In 1968, the RCN, Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and Canadian Army unified to form the Canadian Armed Forces; air units were dispersed throughout the new force structure until Air Command (AIRCOM) was created in 1975.
As the Sea Kings' air frames, engines and avionics systems aged over their years of service in the RCN, and later AIRCOM, they became increasingly unreliable and harder to maintain. Twelve have crashed, killing ten personnel. Each Sea King now requires over 30 hours of maintenance for every hour of flying time, a figure described by the Canadian Naval Officers Association as 'grossly disproportionate'.[1] The helicopters are unavailable for operations 40% of the time and due to the fact that the airframes are 10-15 years older than other Sea Kings flying in allied air forces, AIRCOM is frequently forced to have spare parts custom-made as Sikorsky's supplies are either overly expensive or no longer exist. AIRCOM's Sea Kings are now widely perceived as unreliable, outdated and expensive to maintain, by observers both inside and outside the Canadian Forces. In late 2003, the entire fleet was grounded (except for essential operations) for several weeks after two aircraft coincidentally lost power within a few days of each other.
Efforts by AIRCOM to find a replacement for the helicopters have been hampered by political considerations. In 1987, the Progressive Conservative government announced the purchase of 48 EH-101 helicopters to replace both the CH-124 Sea King and CH-113 Labrador fleets at a cost of $4.4 billion (CAD). Two variants of the EH-101 were being considered, with 33 CH-148 Petrel ship-borne anti-submarine models and 15 CH-149 Chimo variants for maritime and Arctic search and rescue. In 1992, just as the contract was to be finalised, the same government announced that the actual order was being reduced to 28 Petrels and 15 Chimos.
However, following a change of government in October 1993, the incoming Liberal Party ordered AIRCOM to immediately cancel the entire order, forcing the payment of cancellation fees of $500 million (CAD). When it subsequently became clear that new helicopters were still desperately needed to replace AIRCOM's CH-124 Sea King fleet, the Liberal government began a tortured procurement process that critics have accused of being deliberately tailored to prevent the EH-101 from being chosen as a candidate. The Liberal leader, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien had disparagingly referred to the EH-101 as a 'Cadillac' during a time of government restraint and deficit fighting.
It was only after Chrétien's retirement in December 2003 that the competition was finally re-opened. In July 2004, it was announced that the Sea Kings will be replaced by the new Sikorsky H-92, carrying a General Dynamics mission package, with the first of 28 models designated the CH-148 Cyclone scheduled for delivery in 2008.
The Canadian Coast Guard and British Coastguard continue to operate the S-61 variant.
[edit] Variants
- S-61 -- Company designation for the H-3 Sea King.
- S-61A -- Export version for the Royal Danish Air Force.
- S-61A-4 Nuri -- Military transport, search and rescue helicopter for the Royal Malaysian Air Force. It can seat up to 31 combat troops (38 Built).
- S-61A/AH -- Utility helicopter for survey work and search and rescue in the Antarctic.
- S-61B -- Export version of the SH-3 anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force.
- S-61D-3 -- Export version for the Brazilian Navy.
- S-61D-4 -- Export version for the Argentine Navy.
- S-61L -- Non-amphibious civil transport version. It can seat up to 30 passengers (13 Built).
- S-61L Mk II -- Improved version of the S-61L helicopter.
- S-61N -- Amphibious civil transport version.
- S-61N Mk II -- Improved version of the S-61N helicopter.
- S-61NR -- Search and rescue version for the Argentine Air Force.
- S-61R -- Military transport helicopter. Designated CH-3C by the US Air Force.
- CH-3A -- Military transport version for the US Air Force (3 converted from SH-3A later became CH-3B).
- HH-3A -- Search and rescue helicopter for the US Navy (12 converted from SH-3A).
- NH-3A -- Experimental version, with wings and turbojet engines (1 Converted from SH-3A).
- RH-3A -- Minesweeper helicopter for the US Navy (9 converted from SH-3A).
- SH-3A (S-61A) (original designated HSS-2) -- Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the US Navy (245 built).
- VH-3A -- VIP transport helicopter for the US Marine Corps (8 built, 1 converted from SH-3A).
- CH-3B -- Military transport helicopter for the US Air Force.
- CH-3C (S-61R) -- Long-range military transport helicopter for the US Air Force (75 built).
- SH-3D (S-61B) (HSS-2A) -- Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the US Navy (73 built and two conversion from SH-3A).
- SH-3D (S-61B) - -- Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Spanish Navy (6 built).
- SH-3D-TS -- Anti-submarine warfare version.
- VH-3D -- VIP transport helicopter for the US Marine Corps.
- CH-3E -- Long-range military transport helicopter for the US Air Force (45 Built).
- HH-3E Jolly Green Giant -- Long-range search and rescue helicopter for the US Air Force (10 Built and conversions from CH-3E).
- MH-3E -- Special forces version for the US Air Force.
- VH-3E -- US Air Force VIP transport helicopter.
- HH-3F Pelican -- Long-range search and rescue helicopter for the US Coast Guard (40 Built).
- SH-3G -- Cargo, utility transport helicopter for the US Navy (105 Conversions from SH-3A and SH-3D).
- SH-3H (HSS-2B) -- Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the US Navy (Conversions from older versions).
- SH-3H AEW -- Airborne early warning version for the Spanish navy.
- UH-3H -- cargo, utility transport version for the US Navy.
- YHSS-2 -- Prototype and trials aircraft. Seven helicopters were built for the US Navy.
- XHSS-2 -- The one and only prototype of the H-3 Sea King.
[edit] United Aircraft of Canada
- CH-124A -- Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Canadian Armed Forces (41 Built).
- CH-124B -- Alternate version of the CH-124A without a dipping sonar but with a MAD sensor and additional storage for deployable stores.
[edit] Westland
The British Company Westland has had considerable success with its version of the Sea King known as the Westland Sea King. The aircraft differs considerably from the American version, with British Rolls-Royce Bristol Gnome engines, along with British made anti-submarine warfare systems and a fully computerised control system. The Westland Sea King was also designed for a wider range of missions than the Sikorsky Sea King. The helicopter has seen considerable success with the British Forces and many European and world wide nations.
[edit] Agusta
- AS-61 -- Company designation for the H-3 Sea King built under licence in Italy by Agusta.
- AS-61A-1 -- Italian export model for the Royal Malaysian Air Force.
- AS-61A-4 -- Military transport helicopter, search and rescue helicopter. Built under licence in Italy by Agusta.
- AS-61N-1 Silver -- License built model of the S-61N, with a shortened cabin.
- AS-61R (HH-3F Pelican) -- Long-range search and rescue helicopter. Built under licence in Italy by Agusta.
- AS-61VIP -- VIP transport helicopter. Built under licence in Italy by Agusta.
- ASH-3A (SH-3G) -- Utility transport helicopter. Built under licence in Italy by Agusta.
- ASH-3D -- Anti-submarine warfare helicopter. Built under licence in Italy by Agusta. Flown by the Italian, Brazilian, Peruvian and Argentinian navies.
- ASH-3TS -- VIP, executive transport mission helicopter. Built under licence in Italy by Agusta. Also known as the ASH-3D/TS.
- ASH-3H -- Anti-submarine warfare helicopter. Built under licence in Italy by Agusta.
[edit] Mitsubushi
- S-61A -- Licence built-version of the S-61A as Search-and-Rescue and Utilty helicopters for the Japan Maritime Self Defence Force (18 Built)
- HSS-2 -- Licence built version of the S-61B as an Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Japan Maritime Self Defence Force (55 Built).
- HSS-2A -- Licence built version of the S-61B(SH-3D) as an Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Japan Maritime Self Defence Force (28 Built).
- HSS-2B -- Licence built version of the S-61B(SH-3H) as an Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Japan Maritime Self Defence Force (23 Built).
[edit] Specifications (SH-3)
General characteristics
- Crew: 4 (2 pilots, 2 ASW systems operators)
- Capacity: 3 passengers
- Length: 54 ft 9 in (16.7 m)
- Rotor diameter: 62 ft (19 m)
- Height: 16 ft 10 in (5.13 m)
- Disc area: ft² (m²)
- Empty weight: 11,865 lb (5,382 kg)
- Loaded weight: 18,626 lb (8,449 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 22,050 lb (10,000 kg)
- Powerplant: 2× General Electric T58-GE-10 turboshafts, 1,400 shp (kW) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 166 mph (267 km/h)
- Range: 621 mi (1,000 km)
- Service ceiling: 14,700 ft (4,481 m)
- Rate of climb: 1,310-2,220 ft/min (400-670 m/min)
Armament
- 2× Mk 46/44 anti-submarine torpedoes (SH-3H)
- Various sonobouys and pyrotechnic devices
- B-57 Nuclear depth charge
- door guns (some variants)
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- US Navy Fact File
- UK Defence Industries Site
- Combat Aircraft
- Download Sea King for Flight Simulator
- CBC news story
- CTV news
- Canadian Forces official CH-124 Sea King website
[edit] Related content
Related development
Designation sequence
- U.S. Military:
- Sikorsky:
