Gundagai, New South Wales

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Gundagai New South Wales
The town and the Murrumbidgee floodplain in July 2005. The Hume Highway can be seen in the middle distance.
Population:	1,989 (2001 census)
Established:	1838
Postcode:	2722
LGA:	Gundagai Shire Council
State District:	Burrinjuck
Federal Division:	Riverina

Gundagai is a town located along the Murrumbidgee River and Muniong and Yambla Mountain ranges, 390 km south-west of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Local Government Area is administered by the Gundagai Shire Council. At the 2001 census the population of the shire was 3,792; 80% of the shire's population live in the town.^[1]

[edit] History

The Gundagai area is part of the traditional lands of the Wiradjuri speaking people before and post European settlement, and also has national Indigenous significance. The geology of the Gundagai Shire and its situation on a sizeable prehistoric highway, (the Murrumbidgee River), indicates it would have been an important mining, manufacturing and trading place before the arrival of the Europeans.^{[citation needed]} The floodplains of the Murrumbidgee below the present town of Gundagai were a frequent meeting place of the Wiradjuri. Traditional bora rings have been identified close to town.^[2]

Some believe the name "Gundagai" derives from the word gundabandoo - bingeewhich is said to mean 'cut with a hand-axe behind the knee' based on gunda meaning 'sinews at the back of the knee' and bingee meaning cut with a tomahawk. The significance of the meaning is not clear though it has been suggested it might refer to the shape of the river bend. It has also been suggested that the name may mean 'going upstream' or 'poor crows'. In 1826 it was the name of a station run by Ben Warby.^[3][4]

Australian-born explorer Hamilton Hume and British immigrant William Hovell were the first European explorers to visit when they passed through Gundagai in 1824. Hovell recorded seeing trees that were along the path they travelled, that were already marked by steel "tommyhawks".^[5]

Charles Sturt passed through the area in 1829 at the start of his voyage in search of a mythical inland sea. Sturt again passed through Gundagai on the return leg of this journey in 1830, and again in 1838 in company with the Hawdon and Bonney overlanding parties.^[6] At the time of Sturt's 1829-1830 journey, he found several settlers in the district: Henry O'Brien at Jugiong, William Warby at Mingay and the Stuckey Brothers, Peter and Henry at Willie Ploma and Tumblong. These settlers were beyond the "limits of location" as the district was not within the Nineteen Counties. This meant that the Government was not obliged to protect them.^[7] Conversely it also means that settlers were not under the control of British law. The area was still under traditional Indigenous Law but this jurisdiction was generally disregarded by settlers.

In 1911 the population of the town was 1,921. It changed little in the course of the twentieth century being 2,308 at the time of the 1981 census.

[edit] Floods

Memorial to Yarri in the Gundagai cemetery

The original European town that was gazetted in 1838 as a government town, after a deadly clash near Benalla between the Faithfull overland party and Indigenous people, was situated on the right hand bank of the Murrumbidgee River floodplain at the place colloquially known as 'The Crossing Place'. This town was hit by several large floods of the Murrumbidgee River. The June 25, 1852 flood swept the town away, killing at least 78 people (perhaps 89) of the town's population of 250 people, and in the process becoming one of the largest natural disasters in Australia's history. Following an even higher flood in 1853, North Gundagai was redeveloped at its current site on Asbestos Hill and Mount Parnassus, above the river, and at South Gundagai on the slopes of Brummies Hill, using pre-existing surveyors plans ^[8]

The efforts of Yarri, Jacky Jacky, Long Jimmy and one other Indigenous man in saving many Gundagai people from the 1852 floodwaters were heroic. Between them, these Aboriginal men, rescued more than 40 people in bark canoes.^[9] Yarri and Jacky Jacky were honored with bronze medallions for their efforts, and were allowed to demand sixpences from all Gundagai residents, although Yarri was maltreated on at least one occasion after the flood.^[10] Long Jimmy died not long after his brave rescues, possibly from the effects of being exposed to the freezing cold and wet conditions.

Its claimed that the Gundagai community developed a special affinity with the Wiradjuri people, and a few Gundagai people believe that the flood and its aftermath was the birthplace of reconciliation.^[2][9].

The town celebrated the sesquicentenary, 150 year anniversary, of the flood in 2002.^[9]

[edit] Bridges of Gundagai

The Prince Alfred bridge crosses the Murrumbidgee River at Gundagai, photographed c. 1885

In 1867 an iron truss bridge, the Prince Alfred bridge, was completed across the Murrumbidgee River, with a timber viaduct leading to it across the river's flood plain. The bridge has a total length of 921 metres and probably was the first truss bridge built in Australia and is the oldest metal truss road bridge in New South Wales. Until 1932 when the Sydney Harbour Bridge was completed, the Prince Alfred bridge was the longest bridge in New South Wales.^[11] In 1902 a second (railway) bridge was built, with a total length of 819 metres.

In 1977 the Sheahan bridge was opened, a concrete and steel bridge on the Hume Highway. At 1143 metres, it is the second longest bridge in Australia after the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It replaced the Prince Alfred bridge as the crossing of the Murrumbidgee River. The bridge was named after William Francis Sheahan (Billy Sheahan) (1895-1975), who was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Yass from 1941-1950 and for Burrinjuck from 1950-1973 and held various ministerial portfolios.^[12]

[edit] Bushrangers

Monuments to policemen in Gundagai cemetery

The Gundagai cemetery contains the graves of two policemen shot in the district by bushrangers.

Sergeant Parry was shot and killed in 1864 by the bushranger John Gilbert in a hold-up of the mail coach near Jugiong. Gilbert was a member of Ben Hall's gang which was active in the district in 1863-64.^[13]

Senior Constable Webb-Bowen was killed by Captain Moonlite in November 1879 in a hostage incident at McGlede's farm.^[14] Captain Moonlite's name was Andrew George Scott (1842-1880) and he is also buried in the cemetery.^[15] Scott had been asked to buried at Gundagai near his friends James Nesbitt and Augustus Wernicke . Both had been killed in the shoot-out at McGlede's Hut. His request was not granted by the authorities of the time, but his remains were exhumed from Rookwood Cemetery and reinterred at Gundagai near to the unknown location of Nesbitt's grave in January 1995.^[13]

[edit] Geography

Gundagai is in inland New South Wales at relatively low elevation. As a result it has a warm temperate climate.^[2]

Almost all of the shire is located in the South-Western Slopes bioregion and is part of the Riverina agricultural region. The eastern part of the shire is considered part of the South Eastern Highlands bioregion.^[2]

The Shire has been extensively cleared for agriculture and more than 80% of the area is used for dryland cropping and grazing. Less than 1% of the shire is managed for conservation. There are few remaining examples of the original vegetation cover.^[2]

Gundagai is a primarily rural shire with a small population. 80% of the shire's population live in the town of Gundagai. There are four villages in the Shire: Coolac, Tumblong, Muttama and Nangus, with populations ranging from 40 to 90 people.

[edit] Economy

Other than tourism generated by romantic bush appeal and the historic bridges, Gundagai's economy remains driven by sheep and cattle, as well as wheat, lucerne and maize production.

In 2005, secondary industries in Gundagai include the Gundagai Meat Processors Plant and D J Lynch Engineering. The meatworks is the shire's largest single employer with over 100 employees.^[2] The latter firm has produced work for major construction projects, including building steel spans for the Olympic Stadium.^[16]

[edit] Mining

[edit] Gold

Gold was identified by the geologist Rev. W. B. Clarke at Gundagai in 1842.^[17] A gold rush hit the area in 1858 following further discoveries of gold and mining continued initially until 1875 and following a second gold rush in 1894, mines operated again until 1905.

[edit] Asbestos

Asbestos was first mined commercially in Australia, at Gundagai. ^[18]

Actinolite was mined along Jones Creek just to the west of the town but there are several deposits in the immediate area. Some fibres were two feet long.^[19] Prior to 1918 this was the only source of asbestos in New South Wales. Northern Gundagai is built on a hill sometimes known as 'Asbestos Hill' and excavations in the area free the asbestos into the air. ^[20]

Gundagai is situated on top of significant, Jindalee Group, Cambrian period geology from which the asbestos bearing Gundagai serpentinite originates^[21] also indicating prehistoric links to the supercontinent, Gondwana.

Chromite, talc, magnesite, copper and slate were also mined at Gundagai.

[edit] Notable places

[edit] Rusconi's marble masterpiece

Local monumental mason, Frank Rusconi, carved a miniature Baroque Italian palace from 20,948 pieces of marble collected from around New South Wales. The work is 1.2 metres high and took 28 years to build from 1910 to 1938. It can be seen in the Gundagai tourist office.^[13] Rusconi was the sculptor of the Dog on the Tuckerbox bronze also, although bronze was not his medium.

[edit] Niagara cafe

The Niagara cafe opened in 1938 and was a notable stop on the Hume Highway.^[22] The cafe makes much of a stop by then Prime Minister, John Curtin, in 1942, with a display in the window of the cafe of the crockery used by Curtin and Curtin's link to the cafe.^[15]

[edit] Heritage listed items

Court House, completed in 1859, was one of the first stone buildings to be erected after the floods of 1852. The interior was originally of red cedar but was destroyed by a fire in 1943 and it was rebuilt with mountain ash. The monument in front of the building is a Boer War memorial.

A number of places in Gundagai are on the New South Wales state heritage register and on the Register of the National Estate.^[23]

• Gundagai rail bridge over Murrumbidgee River^[24][23]
• Gundagai Railway Station and yard group^[25][23]
• Gundagai Courthouse^[23][13]
• Gundagai District Hospital^[23]
• Murrumbidgee River Underbridge, Gundagai^[23]
• Gundagai Rail Bridge Approaches^[23][26]
• Old Gundagai Town Site^[23]
• Prince Alfred Bridge^[23]

[edit] Gundagai in literature

Statue of the Dog on the Tuckerbox at Snake Gully, five miles from Gundagai. The statue was unveiled by the then Prime-minister Joseph Lyons in 1932 as a tribute to pioneers.

The town is referenced in a number of stories, songs and poems. These include the Jack O'Hagan composed songs Where the Dog Sits on the Tuckerbox (five miles from Gundagai), Along The Road To Gundagai and When a Boy from Alabama Meets a Girl from Gundagai, as well as Banjo Patterson's The Road to Gundagai and the traditional ballad Flash Jack from Gundagai. Additionally, the town is mentioned in Henry Lawson's Scots of the Riverina and C. J. Dennis' The Traveller.

[edit] Cultural Events

• The Snake Gully Cup festival is held each November featuring the Snake Gully Cup two-day Racing Carnival plus Sports Dinner, Market Day, Bowls and Golf. It is one of southern New South Wales' premier race events. It is named for the Snake Gully Cup featured in the Dad, Dave, Mum and Mabel, 'On Our Selection' stories by Steele Rudd. 'On Our Selection' was serialised on ABC Radio in the 1940s/1950s. The theme music to this serial was Along The Road To Gundagai.^[27]

• The Turning Wave Festival is a music and cultural festival held each September and celebrates Irish and Celtic migration to Australia.^[28]

[edit] See also

• Dog on the Tuckerbox

[edit] Notes and references

1. ^ Population in Gundagai. State of the Environment Reporting for the Australian Capital Region. ACT Commissioner for the Environment (2004). Retrieved on 2006-07-05.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Gundagai Shire. State of the Environment Reporting for the Australian Capital Region. ACT Commissioner for the Environment (2006). Retrieved on 2006-07-18.
3. ^ New South Wales Geographical Names Board
4. ^ Butcher, Cliff (2002). Gundagai:A Track Winding Back. Gundagai, NSW: self-published, page 8. ISBN 0-9586200-0-8.
5. ^ Hovell, W.H. nyg. 'W.H.Hovell Papers' Frame 27, page 42, CY Reel 529, Safe 1/32B (Database no. 37)Manuscript Collection, State Library of New South Wales
6. ^ Sturt, C. 1844 'Course of the Hume River, From the Hilly Districts to the Junction of the Morumbidgee', in "Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London", Vo. 14, pp.141-144
7. ^ Potted History of Gundagai. Gundagai Shire Council (2005). Retrieved on 2006-07-12.
8. ^ State Records of NSW, The Surveyor General's Maps and Plans, map G.7.1028, 1850, Showing the Proposed Extension of the Town of North and South Gundagai, Surveyor Larmer, and map G1028d, 1845, Survey of the Site proposed by Commissioner Bingham as an addition to the town of Gundagai on the South Bank of the Murrumbidgee River, Surveyor J. Larmer Available [online] http://www.records. nsw.gov.au/ indexes/searchform.aspx
9. ^ ^{a b c} Mr Carr (Maroubra—Premier, Minister for the Arts, and Minister for Citizenship) (25 June 2002). Gundagai Flood Sesquicentenary. NSW Legislative Assembly Hansard; Ministerial statement. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved on 2006-01-14.
10. ^ Gundagai Times, 29 June 1879, as cited in Bodie Asimus (22 September 2003). Yarri - a Frontier Story. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 2006-10-05.
11. ^ "id=4301652 Prince Alfred Bridge over Murrumbidgee River. Heritage and conservation register. Roads and Traffic Authority (NSW) (2004). Retrieved on 2006-08-21.
12. ^ Sheahan, William Francis. Law and History New South Wales: Attorneys General. Lawlink NSW (1999). Retrieved on 2006-08-21.
13. ^ ^{a b c d} Gundagai. Walkabout: Australian Travel Guide. Fairfax Digital. Retrieved on 2006-07-12.
14. ^ Andrew George Scott (alias "Captain Moonlite"). Australian Bushrangers. Ned Kelly's World (1999). Retrieved on 2006-07-12.
15. ^ ^{a b} Heydon, Ian (2006). There’s A Track Winding Back - Growing up in Gundagai. Australian Travel Stories. The Small Guide To A Big Country. Retrieved on 2006-07-12.
16. ^ About the Shire. Gundagai Shire Council (2005). Retrieved on 2006-07-12.
17. ^ Mundy, Godfrey Charles [1852]. Our Antipodes or, Residence and Rambles in the Australasian Colonies, with a Glimpse of the Goldfields (pdf download), Originally published by Richard Bentley, London; digital publication by The Sydney Electronic Text and Image Service (SETIS), part of the University of Sydney Library, page 669. Retrieved on 2006-08-25.
18. ^ Butcher, C. Gundagai: A Track Winding Back, p.107
19. ^ Department of Mines, Geological Survey No 14, 1924,Available [online] http://www.minerals.nsw.gov.au/online_services/digs
20. ^ Asbestos Hill Gundagai Map 8527-4-N Topographic Map 1:25,000 Second edition NSW Australia
21. ^ Geological Series Sheet 8527 (Edition 1)1990,Australia1:100 000,Tumut Mineralogical Map
22. ^ McGirr, Michael. "The road most travelled", Travel, Sydney Morning Herald, 2005-02-14. Retrieved on 2006-07-18.
23. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Places on heritage registers in or near Gundagai. State of the Environment Reporting for the Australian Capital Region. ACT Commissioner for the Environment (2004). Retrieved on 2006-11-10.
24. ^ NSW Heritage Office listing
25. ^ NSW Heritage Office listing
26. ^ Listing on the Australian heritage database for Gundagai Rail Bridge Approaches
27. ^ The Snake Gully Cup Festival
28. ^ The Turning Wave Festival. Gundagai Shire Council. Retrieved on 2006-09-13.