Grand Pensionary
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The Grand Pensionary was the most important Dutch official during the time of the United Provinces. In theory he was only a civil servant of the Estates of the dominant province among the Seven United Provinces: the county of Holland. In practice the Grand Pensionary of Holland was the political leader of the entire Dutch Republic when there was no stadtholder (in practice the Prince of Orange) in the centre of power. The office started in 1619 and replaced the title of Land's Advocate. When there was a stadtholder, then the Grand Pensionary was often the second leader of the republic. The Grand Pensionary of Holland acted as the chairman of States of Holland. He was appointed by the Estates and could be fired instantly by the Estates. A decision of the Estates was made by a summarizing of all the statements of the delegates by the Grand Pensionary, with an implicit conclusion about what decision had been made. He had the first say on a subject during a meeting of the Estates and controlled the agenda. This way, if he was a competent man, he could control the entire decision-making process, especially as one of his "duties" was to represent any of the ten members of the Nobility delegates (the Ridderschap) in their absence. The office existed because all delegates of the States were, although ranked according to ancient feudal hierarchy, still basically equal (pares) and none among them could thus act as a head. The Dutch name was raad(s)pensionaris, literally "pensionary of council". Other provinces could also have a raadspensionaris, e.g. Zealand, but only the one of Holland was considered by foreign powers to be of any import, so they called him the Grand Pensionary. Grandest of all was certainly Johan de Witt, who held the office between 1653 and 1672. Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, who was extremely important to the dutch struggle for independance should also be mentioned, though he held the position when it was still called Land's Advocate.
The Batavian Republic first abolished the office but in its last year, 1805-1806, the title had to be reinstituted on orders of Napoleon as part of a number of measures to strengthen the executive power; Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck thus acted for a short time as the last Grand Pensionary. He officially functioned as a president of the entire Republic, not just of Holland.
