Gordon Granger
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Gordon Granger (November 6, 1822 – January 10, 1876) was a Union Major General during the American Civil War.
Granger was born in Joy, Wayne County, New York, in 1822. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1845. During the Mexican-American War, he fought in Winfield Scott's army. Between wars, he served on the frontier. His first fight in the Civil War was the Union defeat at Wilson's Creek, Missouri, in August 1861, where he was in command of a volunteer regiment of cavalry. He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on March 26, 1862, and commanded the Cavalry Division in the Army of the Mississippi during the Battle of New Madrid and siege of Corinth. He was promoted to major general of volunteers on September 17, 1862, and took command of the Army of Kentucky. He conducted cavalry operations in central Tennessee before his command was merged into the Army of the Cumberland, becoming the Reserve Corps.
He is most famous for his actions commanding the Reserve Corps at the Battle of Chickamauga. There on September 20, 1863, the second day of the battle, he reinforced, without orders, Major General George H. Thomas's XIV Corps on Snodgrass Hill. This action staved off the Confederate attackers until dark, permitting the Federal forces to retreat in good order and helping earn the sobriquet "Rock of Chickamauga" for Thomas.
Granger's success at Chickamaugua earned him command of the newly formed IV Corps in the Army of the Cumberland. Under his command, this force distinguished itself at the Battle of Chattanooga. Two of the IV Corps' divisions, those commanded by Thomas J. Wood and Philip Sheridan, were among the force of units that assaulted the reinforced center of the Confederate line on top of Missionary Ridge. There, the Union forces broke through and forced the Confederates, under General Braxton Bragg, to retreat. After Chattanooga, Granger took part in lifting the siege at Knoxville, Tennessee. Despite these successes, his outspokenness prevented him from gaining more prominent commands. Nevertheless, he was sent to the Department of the Gulf and continued to lead troops and gain recognition. He commanded the land forces that captured Forts Gaines and Morgan in conjunction with the Union naval victory at the Battle of Mobile Bay. He commanded the XIII Corps during the Battle of Fort Blakely, which led to the fall of the city of Mobile, Alabama.
When the war ended, Granger remained in the Army, and was given command of the Department of Texas. There, in the city of Galveston, on June 19, 1865, he declared the institution of slavery dead in the state, setting off joyous demonstrations by freedmen and originating the annual "Juneteenth" celebration, commemorating the freeing of the blacks in Texas.
In 1876, Granger died in Santa Fe, where he was serving in command of the District of New Mexico. He is buried in Lexington Cemetery, Lexington, Kentucky.
