Gerald Durrell
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Gerald ('Gerry') Malcolm Durrell OBE (January 7, 1925 – January 30, 1995) was a naturalist, zookeeper, conservationist, author, and television presenter. He founded what is now called the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and the Jersey Zoo (now renamed Durrell Wildlife) on the Channel Island of Jersey in 1958, but is perhaps best known for writing a number of books based on his life as an animal collector and enthusiast. He was the brother of the novelist Lawrence Durrell.
[edit] Biography
[edit] Early life in India and England
Durrell was born in Jamshedpur, then Bihar Province, India on January 7, 1925. His parents had themselves been born in India but were of English and Irish descent. He was the fourth surviving and final child of Louisa Florence Durrell (née Dixie) and Lawrence Samuel Durrell. Durrell's father was a British engineer, and as befitting family status, the infant Durrell spent most of his time in the company of the ayah or nursemaid. Durrell reportedly recalls his first visit to a zoo in India, and attributes his life-long love of animals to that encounter. The family moved to England after the death of his father in 1928. Back in England, the Durrells settled in the Upper Norwood - Cystal Palace area of South London.[1] Durrell was enrolled in Wickwood School, but usually stayed at home feigning illness. [2]
[edit] The Corfu years
The family moved to the Greek island of Corfu in 1935, where Durrell began to collect and keep the local fauna as pets. The family stayed until 1939. This interval was later the basis of the book My Family and Other Animals and its successors, Birds, Beasts, and Relatives, The Garden of the Gods and a few short stories. Durrell was home-schooled during this time by various family friends and private tutors, mostly friends of his eldest brother Lawrence (later to be a famous novelist). One of them, the Greek doctor, scientist, poet and philosopher Theodore Stephanides would be Durrell's friend and mentor, and his ideas would leave a lasting impression on the young Durrell. Together, they would examine and Durrell would house Corfu fauna in everything from test tubes to bathtubs. The other big influence on Durrell during these formative years, according to Durrell, was the writing of French naturalist Jean Henri Fabre.
[edit] The London years and Whipsnade Zoo
The family moved back to England in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II . Difficult as it was in the war and post-war years to find a job, especially for a home-schooled youth, the enterprising Durrell worked as a help at an aquarium and pet store. Some reminiscences of this period can be found in Fillets of Plaice. His call-up for the war came in 1943, but he was exempted from military duty on medical grounds, and asked to serve the war effort by working in a farm. After the war, Durrell joined Whipsnade Zoo as a junior or student keeper in 1945. This move fulfilled a lifelong dream: Durrell claims that his first spoken word was "zoo". Beasts in My Belfry recalls events of this period.
[edit] The early animal expeditions
Durrell left Whipsnade Zoo in May, 1946 in order to join wildlife collecting expeditions of the time, but was denied a place in the voyages due to his lack of experience. Durrell's wildlife expeditions began with a 1947 trip to the British Cameroons (now Cameroon) with ornithologist John Yealland, financed by a £3,000 inheritance from his father on the account of turning 21. The animals he brought back were sold to London Zoo, Chester Zoo, Paignton Zoo, Bristol Zoo and Belle Vue Zoo (Manchester). He continued for many decades, during which time he became famous for his work for wildlife conservation.
He followed this successful expedition up with two further ones with fellow Whipsnade zookeeper Ken Smith: a repeat trip to the British Cameroon, and to British Guiana (now Guyana) in 1949 and 1950 respectively. On the first of these trips, he met and befriended the enigmatic Fon of Bafut Achirimbi II, the autocratic West African chieftain, who would help him organize future missions.
Because of his dedication towards animals, Durrell housed and fed his animals with the best choices possible, never over-collected specimens, and did not collect animals with only "show value" which would fetch high prices. Such practices differed from other animal collecting expeditions of the time, and, as a result, Durrell was broke by the end of his third expedition. Further, due to a falling-out with George Cansdale, superintendent of the London Zoo, Durrell was blackballed by the British zoo community and could not secure a job in most zoos, ultimately securing a job at the aquarium at Belle Vue Zoo in Manchester for some time.
On February 26, 1951, after an extended courtship, Durrell married Manchester resident Jacqueline ('Jacquie') Sonia Wolfenden — they eloped after opposition from her father. Wolfenden would go on to accompany Durrell on most of his following animal expeditions, would help found and manage the Jersey Zoo, and would write two humorous, bestselling memoirs on the lines of Durrell to raise money for conservation efforts. Durrell's work pressure, mood swings and drinking problem would ultimately lead to their divorce in 1979.
Based on encouragement from wife Jacquie, and advice from his elder brother Lawrence, Gerald Durrell started writing autobiographical accounts to raise money. His first book — The Overloaded Ark — was a huge success, causing Durrell to follow up with other such accounts. While Durrell only made £50 for British rights (Faber and Faber), he obtained £500 from the U.S. rights (Viking Press) for the book, and managed to raise money for a fourth expedition to South America in 1954. This, however, ran into a political coup d'etat in Paraguay and was unsuccessful.
[edit] Foundations for the Jersey Zoo
The publication of My Family and Other Animals in 1956 caused Durrell to be well known as an author, and consequently as a naturalist for the first time. Royalties from the book, which made bestseller lists in the United Kingdom, helped fund Durrell's next expedition.
Durrell's growing disillusionment with how zoos of the time were run, and his belief that zoos should primarily act as reserve banks of endangered species, caused him to contemplate founding his own zoo. His 1957 trip to Cameroon for the third and last time was primarily to collect animals which would act as the core collection of his own zoo. This expedition was filmed as well, in Durrell's first experiment with filming his work with animals. The success of the film To Bafut with Beagles, together with a successful radio show documenting his memories Encounters with Animals, made Durrell a regular on the BBC Natural History unit for decades to come, as well as provide much needed funds for his conservation projects.
On return from Bafut, Durrell put up with his sister Margaret at her boarding house in the seaside resort of Bournemouth. The animals were housed in her gardens and garage on a temporary basis, while Durrell looked at prospective sites for a zoo. To his dismay, both Bournemouth and Poole municipalities turned down his ideas for a zoo.
[edit] The Zoo and the Trust
Durrell founded the Jersey Zoological Park in 1958 to house his growing collection of animals. The site for the zoo, a 16th-century manor house, Les Augres Manor, came to Durrell's notice by chance after a long and unsuccessful search for a suitable site. Durrell leased the manor and set up his zoo on the redesigned manor grounds. Durrell undertook another, more successful expedition to South America to collect endangered species for his zoo in 1958. The zoo was opened to the public in 1959 on Easter Sunday.
As the zoo grew in size, so did the number of projects undertaken to save threatened wildlife in other parts of the world. Durrell was instrumental in founding the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, on July 6, 1963 to cope with the increasingly difficult challenges of zoo, wildlife and habitat management.
The Trust opened an international wing, the Wildlife Preservation Trust International, in USA in 1971, to aid international conservation efforts in a better fashion. That year, the Trust bought out Les Augres Manor from its owner, Major Hugh Fraser, giving the zoo a permanent home.
Durrell's initiative caused the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society to start the World Conference on Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity as an Aid to their Survival in 1972 at Jersey, today one of the most prestigious conferences in the field. 1972 also saw Princess Anne becoming a patron of the Trust, an action which brought the Trust into media limelight, and helped raise funds.
The 1970s saw Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust become a leading zoo in the field of captive breeding, championing the cause among species like the Lowland Gorilla, and various Mauritian fauna. Durrell visited Mauritius several times and co-ordinated large scale conservation efforts in Mauritius, involving captive breeding programs for native birds and reptiles, ecological recovery of Round Island, training local staff, and setting up local in-situ and ex-situ conservation facilities. This ultimately led to the founding of the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation in 1984.
Jacquie Durrell separated from and then divorced Gerald Durrell in 1979, citing his increasing work pressure and associated drinking problem.
Durrell met his second wife Lee McGeorge Durrell in 1977 when he lectured at Duke University, where she was studying for a PhD in animal communication. They married in 1979. She co-authored a number of books with him, including The Amateur Naturalist, and became the Honorary Director of the Trust after his death.
In 1978 Durrell started the training centre for conservationists at the zoo, or the "mini-university" in his words. As of 2005, over a thousand biologists, naturalists, zoo veterinarians, and zoo architects from 104 countries have attended the International Training Centre. Durrell was also instrumental in forming the Captive Breeding Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union in 1982.
Durrell founded Wildlife Preservation Trust Canada, now Wildlife Preservation Canada, in 1985. The official appeal Saving Animals from Extinction was launched in 1991, at a time when British zoos were not faring well and London Zoo was in danger of closing down.
In 1989, Gerald Durrell and his wife Lee, along with David Attenborough and cricket star David Gower helped launch the World Land Trust (then the World Wide Land Conservation Trust). The initial goal of the trust was to purchase rain forest land in Belize as part of the Programme for Belize.
1990 saw the Trust establish a conservation program in Madagascar along the lines of the Mauritius program. Durrell visited Madagascar in 1990 to start captive breeding of a number of endemic species like the Aye Aye.
Durrell chose the Dodo, the flightless bird of Mauritius that was mercilessly hunted to extinction in the 1600s, as the logo for both the Jersey Zoo and the Trust. The children's chapter of the Trust is called the Dodo Club. Following his death, the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust was renamed Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust at the 40th anniversary of the Zoo on 26 March, 1999. The Wildlife Preservation Trust International also changed their name to Wildlife Trust in 2000, adopted the logo of the Black Tamarin.
[edit] Final years
A hard, outdoor life, coupled with heavy drinking, led Durrell to health problems in the 1980s. He underwent a hip-replacement surgery in a bid to counter arthritis, but suffered from liver problems. His health deteriorated rapidly after the 1990 Madagascar trip. Durrell died of post-surgical complications following a liver transplantation, on January 30, 1995. His ashes are buried under a memorial plaque with a quote by William Beebe in Jersey Zoo.
A memorial celebrating Durrell's life and work was held at the Natural History Museum, London on June 28, 1995. Participants included personal friends like the famous television presenter David Attenborough, and Princess Anne.
[edit] Durrell's policy for zoos
Gerald Durrell was ahead of his time when he postulated the role that a 20th century zoo should play, primarily in Stationary Ark. His idea relies on the following bases:
- The primary purpose of a zoo should be to act as a reserve of critically endangered species which need captive breeding in order to survive.
- They can serve the secondary purposes of educating people about wildlife and natural history, and of educating biologists about the animal's habits.
- Zoos should not be run for the purposes of entertainment only, and non-threatened species should be re-introduced into their natural habitats.
- An animal should be present in the zoo only as a last resort, when all efforts to save it in the wild have failed.
Durrell's ideas about housing zoo animals also brings his priorities to the fore. The bases on which enclosures at Jersey are built:
- Enclosures should be built keeping in mind — firstly, the comfort of the animal (including a private shelter), secondly for the convenience of the animal keeper, and finally for the viewing comfort of visitors.
- The size of an enclosure should depend on how large their territories might be.
- The companions of an animal should reflect not only ecological niche and biogeographic concerns, but its social abilities as well — how well it gets on with other members of its species and other species.
- Every animal deserves food of its choice, sometimes made interesting by variation; and a mate of its choice; and a nice, and interesting environment.
Jersey Zoo was the first zoo to only house endangered breeding species, and has been one of the pioneers in the field of captive breeding. The International Training Centre, and the organization of the conference on captive breeding are also notable firsts.
Gerald Durrell initially faced stiff opposition and criticism from some members of the zoo community when he introduced the idea of captive breeding, and was only vindicated after successfully breeding a wide range of species. One of the most active opposition members was George Cansdale, superintendent of the London Zoo and Zoological Society of London, and wielder of considerable influence in the zoo community.
See also: Biogeography, Biogeographic Regions, Ecological niche
[edit] Gerald Durrell's books
Durrell's books, both fiction and non-fiction, have a wry, loose style that poked fun at himself as well as those around him. Perhaps his best-known work is My Family and Other Animals (1956), which tells of his idyllic, if oddball, childhood on Corfu. Later made into a TV series, it is delightfully deprecating about the whole family, especially elder brother Lawrence, who became a famous novelist. Despite Durrell's jokes at the expense of "brother Larry," the two were close friends all their lives.
Gerald Durrell always insisted that he wrote for royalties to help the cause of environmental stewardship, not out of an inherent love for writing. Gerald Durrell describes himself as a writer in comparison to his brother Lawrence:
- The subtle difference between us is that he loves writing and I don't. To me it's simply a way to make money which enables me to do my animal work, nothing more.
However, he shows a surprising diversity and dexterity in a wide variety of writing, including:
- autobiographical accounts: Most of his works are of such kind — characterized by a love for nature and animals, dry wit, crisp descriptions and humorous analogies of human beings with animals and vice versa. The most famous of these is the Corfu trilogy — My Family and Other Animals, Birds, Beasts and Relatives, and The Garden of the Gods.
- short stories: often bordering on the Roald Dahl-esque, like "Michelin Man" in Picnic and Suchlike Pandemonium. The latter also has an acclaimed gothic horror story titled "The Entrance". Marrying Off Mother and Other Stories also has a few short stories.
- novels: Durrell's only two novels are Rosy is My Relative, the story about the bequeathed elephant which Durrell claimed is based on real life events; and The Mockery Bird, the fable based loosely on the story of Mauritius and the Dodo.
- technical essays: The Stationary Ark is a collection of technical essays on zoo-keeping and conservation.
- guides: The Amateur Naturalist is the definitive guide for a budding naturalist over the last 20 years.
- stories for young adults: The Donkey Rustlers is an Enid Blyton-ish feel good novel, while The Talking Parcel is a fantasy novel for younger readers.
- natural history books for children: The New Noah is a collection of encounters with animals from Durrell's previous expeditions, written with children in mind.
- stories for children: Keeper, Toby the Tortoise, The Fantastic Dinosaur Adventure, and the The Fantastic Flying Adventure are lavishly illustrated stories for young children.
- board and picture books: the board book series Puppy Stories are for infants, and the picture book Island Zoo is for young children about the first animals in Jersey Zoo.
Durrell was also a regular contributor to magazines on both sides of the Atlantic like Harper's, Atlantic Monthly, and The Sunday Times Supplement. He was also a regular book reviewer for New York Times. A number of excerpts and stories from his books were used by Octopus Books and Readers' Digest Publishing, including in the Readers' Digest Condensed Books.
Durrell's works have been translated into 31 languages, and made into TV serials, and feature films. He has a large cult following in Russia and Eastern Europe, in Israel and in various commonwealth countries, notably India.
The British Library houses a collection of Durrell's books, presented by him to Alan G. Thomas, as part of the Lawrence Durrell Collection.
[edit] Illustrators
Durrell was a talented artist and caricaturist, but worked with numerous illustrators over the years starting with Sabine Braur for The Overloaded Ark (published by Faber and Faber). Two of his most productive collaborations were with Ralph Thompson (Bafut Beagles, Three Singles To Adventure, The New Noah, The Drunken Forest, Encounters with Animals, A Zoo in My Luggage, The Whispering Land, Menagerie Manor) (published by Rupert Hart-Davis) and Edward Mortelmans (Catch Me A Colobus, Beasts in My Belfry, Golden Bats and Pink Pigeons) (published by Collins). The illustrations are mostly sketches of animal subjects. Ralph Thompson has even visited the Jersey Zoological Park in-house during the sketching period for Menagerie Manor.
Other illustrators who worked with Durrell were Barry L. Driscoll who illustrated Two in the Bush, Pat Marriott who illustrated Look at Zoos, and Anne Mieke van Ogtrop who illustrated The Talking Parcel and Donkey Rustlers.
Gerald Durrell authored a number of lavishly illustrated children's books in his later years. Graham Percy was the illustrator for The Fantastic Flying Journey and The Fantastic Dinosaur Adventure. Toby the Tortoise and Keeper were illustrated by Keith West. His Puppy board books were illustrated by Cliff Wright.
[edit] Honours
Durrell was awarded the Order of the Golden Ark by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands in 1981.
Durrell received the Order of the British Empire in 1982.
The National Youth Music Theatre performed the musical theater The Carnival of the Animals at Fort Regent, Jersey as a tribute to Gerald Durrell in 1984.
Durrell featured in the United Nations' Roll of Honour for Environmental Achievement in 1988, becoming part of 500 people ("Global 500") to be given this honour in the period 1987 – 1992.
The University of Kent started the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE) in 1989, the first graduate school in the United Kingdom to offer degrees and diplomas in conservation and biodiversity.
The journal Biodiversity and Conservation brought out a special volume of the journal in tribute to Gerald Durrell, on the theme of "The Role of Zoos" in 1995, following his death.
The Gerald Durrell Memorial Funds, launched in 1996, are granted in the field of conservation by the Wildlife Trust every year.
The statue park in Miskolc Zoo, one of the oldest zoos in the world, created a bust of Gerald Durrell in 1998. The Whipsnade Zoo also unveiled a new island for housing primates dedicated to Durrell in 1998 [3].
The BBC Wildlife Photography Awards gives the Gerald Durrell Award for the best photograph of an endangered species, starting from 2001.
The Durrell School in Corfu, established in 2002, offers an academic course and tours in the footsteps of the Durrells in Corfu. Botanist David Bellamy has conducted field trips in Corfu for the School.
The town hall of Corfu announced in 2006 that it would rename Corfu Bosketto (a park in the city of Corfu) Bosketto Durrell, after Gerald and Lawrence Durrell as a mark of respect.
Wildlife Preservation Canada established the Gerald Durrell Society in 2006 as recognition for individuals who have made legacy gifts.
The Gerald Durrell Endemic Wildlife Sanctuary in the Black River Valley in Mauritius, is the home of the Mauritius Wildlife Appeal Fund's immensely successful captive breeding program for the Mauritius Kestrel, Pink Pigeon and Echo Parakeet.
The Jersey Zoo has erected a bronze statue of Gerald Durrell by John Doubleday, cast along with a Ruffed Lemur at his knee, and a Round Island Gecko at his feet.
Jersey brought out stamps honouring the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, and Mauritius brought out a stamp based on a race of a rare gecko named after Durrell.
The de-rodentification of Rat Island in St. Lucia by the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust to create a sanctuary for the St. Lucia Whiptail lizard on the lines of Praslin Island has caused an official change in name for Rat Island. It is in the process of being renamed Durrell Island. [1]
The Visitors' Center at the Belize Zoo is named the Gerald Durrell Visitors' Center in honour of Durrell.
Numerous individual animals of rare species born in captivity have been named "Gerry" or "Gerald" as homage to Durrell, among them the first Aldabra Giant Tortoise born in captivity.
[edit] Species and races named after Durrell
- Clarkeia durrelli: A fossil brachiopod of the Order Atrypida, from the Upper Silurian age, discovered 1982 - there is presently no reference to indicate that this species was named in honour of Gerald Durrell
- Nactus serpeninsula durrelli: Durrell's Night Gecko: The Round Island race of the Serpent Island Night Gecko is a distinct race and was named after both Gerald and Lee Durrell for their contribution to saving the gecko and Round Island fauna in general. Mauritius released a stamp depicting the race.
- Ceylonthelphusa durrelli: Durrell's Freshwater Crab: A critically rare new species of Sri Lankan freshwater crab.
- Benthophilus durrelli: Durrell's Tadpole Goby: A new species of tadpole goby discovered in 2004
- Kotchevnik durrelli: A new species of moth of the superfamily Cossoidea from Russia
[edit] List of major expeditions
| Year | Place | Primary Purpose | Book | Film | Species in Focus |
| 1947 / 1948 | Mamfe, British Cameroon (now Cameroon) | Independent animal collecting mission for British zoos | The Overloaded Ark | — | Angwantibo, Giant Otter Shrew |
| 1949 | Mamfe and Bafut, British Cameroon (now Cameroon) | Independent animal collecting mission for British zoos | The Bafut Beagles | — | Galago, Hairy Frog, African Golden Cat, Flying mouse |
| 1950 | British Guiana (now Guyana) | Independent animal collecting mission for British zoos | Three Singles to Adventure | — | Giant Otter, Poison arrow frogs, Surinam Toad, Capybara, Brazilian Porcupine |
| 1953 / 1954 | Argentina and Paraguay | Partially sponsored animal collecting mission | The Drunken Forest | — | Burrowing Owl, Ovenbird, Anaconda, Rhea, Giant Anteater |
| 1957 | Bafut, British Cameroon (now Cameroon) | Animal collecting mission for his own to-be zoo | A Zoo in My Luggage | To Bafut With Beagles | Reticulated Python, Patas, Galago, Grey-necked Rockfowl |
| 1958 | Patagonia, Argentina | Animal collecting mission for his own Jersey Zoo | The Whispering Land | Look (Argentinian Expedition) | South American Fur Seal, Patagonian Hare, Vampire Bat, Magellanic Penguin |
| 1962 | Malaysia, and Australia and New Zealand | Shooting of the BBC Nature series Two In The Bush | Two in the Bush | Two in the Bush | Kakapo, Kākā, Kea, Tuatara, Sumatran Rhinoceros, Leadbeater's Possum |
| 1965 | Sierra Leone | Animal collecting mission for Jersey Zoo to be made into a TV series by BBC | Section of Catch Me A Colobus | Catch Me A Colobus | Colobus, African Leopard, Red River Hog, Potto |
| 1968 | Mexico | Animal collecting mission for Jersey Zoo | Section of Catch Me A Colobus | — | Volcano Rabbit, Thick-billed Parrot |
| 1969 | Great Barrier Reef, Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia | Conservation fact-finding mission, with possible material for book never written | — | — | Great Barrier Reef species |
| 1976 , 1977 | Mauritius and other Mascarene Islands | Two back-to-back in-situ conservation missions and animal collecting expeditions for local breeding and Jersey Zoo | Golden Bats and Pink Pigeons | The Mauritius Conservation Mission, The Round Island Project | Pink Pigeon, Rodriguez Fruit Bat, Round Island Boa, Telfair's Skink, Gunther's Gecko, Mauritius Kestrel |
| 1978 | Assam, India and Bhutan | In-situ conservation mission and filming for an episode in a BBC series | — | "Animals Are My Life" episode in The World About Us series | Pigmy Hog |
| 1982 | Mauritius and other Mascarene Islands and Madagascar | In-situ conservation mission and animal collecting expedition for local breeding and Jersey Zoo to be filmed for a BBC TV series about the Trust's role in other countries | Ark on the Move | Ark on the Move | Pink Pigeon, Rodriguez Fruit Bat, Round Island Boa, Telfair's Skink, Gunther's Gecko, Mauritius Kestrel, Indri, Madagascan Boa |
| 1984 | Russia | Shooting of the Channel 4 TV series Durrell in Russia | Durrell in Russia | Durrell in Russia | Przewalski's Horse, Saiga, Cranes, Russian Desman |
| 1989 | Belize | As part of Programme for Belize — a conservation project which aimed to conserve 250,000 acres (1000 km²) of tropical rain forest | — | — | Belizean rain forest species |
| 1990 | Madagascar | In-situ conservation mission and animal collecting expedition for local breeding and Jersey Zoo | The Aye-Aye and I | To the Island of Aye-Aye | Aye Aye, Indri, Ring-tailed Lemur, Alaotran Lemur, Tenrec |
[edit] Bibliography
[edit] Autobiographical
- The Overloaded Ark (Faber and Faber, 1953)
- Three Singles to Adventure (Three Tickets to Adventure) (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1954)
- The Bafut Beagles (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1954)
- The New Noah (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1955)
- The Drunken Forest (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1956)
- My Family and Other Animals (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1956)
- Encounters with Animals (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1958)
- A Zoo in My Luggage (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1960)
- The Whispering Land (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1961)
- Menagerie Manor (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1964)
- Two in the Bush (Collins, 1966)
- Birds, Beasts And Relatives (Collins, 1969)
- Fillets of Plaice (Collins, 1971)
- Catch Me a Colobus (Collins, 1972)
- Beasts in My Belfry (A Bevy of Beasts) (Collins, 1973)
- The Stationary Ark (Collins, 1976) (mainly non-fictional content)
- Golden Bats And Pink Pigeons: A Journey to the Flora and Fauna of a Unique Island (Collins, 1977)
- The Garden of the Gods (Fauna and Family) (Collins, 1978)
- The Picnic And Suchlike Pandemonium (The Picnic and Other Inimitable Stories) (Collins, 1979) (with some fictional short stories)
- Ark on the Move (Coward McCann, 1982)
- How to Shoot an Amateur Naturalist (Collins, 1984)
- Durrell in Russia (with Lee Durrell) (MacDonald (Publisher) (UK) / Simon and Schuster (USA), 1986)
- The Ark's Anniversary (Collins, 1990)
- Marrying Off Mother and Other Stories (Harper-Collins, 1991) (with some fictional short stories)
- The Aye-Aye And I: A Rescue Journey to Save One of the World's Most Intriguing Creatures from Extinction (Harper-Collins, 1992)
- The Best of Gerald Durrell (edited by Lee Durrell) (Harper-Collins, 1996)
[edit] Non-fiction
- Island Zoo: The Animals a Famous Collector Couldn't Part with (photographs by W. Suschitzky) (Collins, 1961)
- Look At Zoos (Hamish Hamilton, 1961)
- A Practical Guide for the Amateur Naturalist (with Lee Durrell) (Hamish Hamilton (UK) / Alfred A. Knopf (USA), 1982)
[edit] Fiction
- The Donkey Rustlers (Collins, 1968)
- Rosie Is My Relative (Collins, 1968)
- The Talking Parcel (Battle for Castle Cockatrice) (Collins, 1974)
- The Mockery Bird (The Billion Dollar Brain) (Collins, 1981)
- The Fantastic Flying Journey: An Adventure in Natural History (Conran Octopus, 1987)
- The Fantastic Dinosaur Adventure: A New Adventure in Natural History (Conran Octopus,1989)
- Keeper (Michael O'Mara Books, 1990)
- Toby the Tortoise (Michael O'Mara Books, 1991)
- Puppy Tales: Puppy's Beach Adventure, Puppy's Field Day, Puppy's Pet Pals, Puppy's Wild Time (Andrex, 1993)
[edit] Unpublished
- Animal Pie, an unpublished book of light-hearted animal poems and caricatures, written in the 1950s [referenced in the official Douglas Botting biography]
[edit] Books edited by Gerald Durrell
- My Favourite Animal Stories (Arrow, 1962)
Note: In case of simultaneous releases in many countries, the UK edition is referred to, except for companion books to TV series where both the UK and USA editions are referred to.
[edit] Reference books
[edit] Biographies and other references
- Himself and Other Animals — A Portrait of Gerald Durrell, David Hughes (1976)
- In The Footsteps of Lawrence Durrell and Gerald Durrell in Corfu (1935 – 1939), Hilary Whitton Paipeti (1998)
- Gerald Durrell — The Authorized Biography, Douglas Botting (1999)
- "Durrelliania": An Illustrated Checklist of Inscribed Books of Lawrence Durrell and Gerald Durrell and Associated Publications, Letters and Notes in the Library of Jeremy J.C. Mallinson, edited by Jeremy Mallinson (1999)
[edit] Jersey Zoo and Durrell Wildlife Preservation Trust books
- A Brush with Animals, Ralph Thompson (illustrations by author) (1963)
- Okavango Adventure: In Search of Animals in Southern Africa, Jeremy Mallinson (1973)
- Earning Your Living with Animals, Jeremy Mallinson (1975)
- The Facts About a Zoo: Featuring the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jeremy Mallinson (1980)
- State of the Ark: An Atlas of Conservation in Action, Lee Durrell (1986)
- Travels in Search of Endangered Species, Jeremy Mallinson (1989)
- Gerald Durrell's Army, Edward Whitley (1992)
- Jambo: A Gorilla's Story, Richard Johnstone-Scott (1995)
[edit] Companion books to TV series not co-authored by Durrell
- Ourselves and Other Animals: From the TV Series with Gerald and Lee Durrell , Peter Evans (1987)
[edit] Books by family and friends
- Prospero's Cell: A Guide to the Landscape and Manners of the Island of Corcyra, Lawrence Durrell (1945)
- Beasts in My Bed, Jacquie Durrell (1967)
- Spirit of Place: Essays and Letters on Travel, Lawrence Durrell (1969)
- Island Trails, Theodore Stephanides (1973)
- Intimate Relations, Jacquie Durrell (1976)
- Whatever Happened to Margo, Margaret Durrell (1995) (written in 1951)
[edit] Selected articles by Gerald Durrell
- I am sort of caged in my own zoo, The Independent, Saturday 8 September 1990
[edit] Radiography and filmography
[edit] Featuring Gerald Durrell
- Encounters With Animals, Radio series, BBC (1957)
- To Bafut With Beagles, TV series, BBC (1958)
- Look (Argentinian Expedition), Single episode in TV series, BBC (1961)
- Zoo Packet, TV series, BBC (1961)
- Animal Magic, Early episodes in TV series, BBC (1962 – 1983)
- Two In The Bush, TV series, BBC (1963)
- Catch Me a Colobus, TV series, BBC (1966)
- The Garden of the Gods, TV series, BBC (1967)
- The Stationary Ark, TV series, Primedia(Canada) / Channel 4(UK) (1975)
- Animals Are My Life, episode in the TV series The World About Us, BBC (1978)
- Ark on the Move, TV series, Primedia(Canada) / Channel 4(UK) (1982)
- The Amateur Naturalist, TV series, CBC(USA) / Channel 4(UK) (1983)
- Ourselves & Other Animals, TV series, Primetime Television and Harcourt Films (1987). Directed by Jeremy marre
- Durrell in Russia, TV series, Channel 4(UK) (1986)
- Durrell's Ark, one hour documentary, BBC (1988)
- A Day at the Zoo with Phillip Schofield, one hour episode featuring Durrell and Jersey Zoo (1989)
- Gerald Durrell — Himself and Other Animals, documentary, Green Umbrella Productions (1999)
- Gerald Durrell — Jambo the Gentle Giant, documentary, Green Umbrella Productions (1999)
- Gerald Durrell — To the Island of the Aye-Aye, documentary, Green Umbrella Productions (1999)
- Safe Hands in a Wild World, documentary, Green Umbrella Productions (1999)
- Inside Jersey Zoo, re-release, UK PC Advisor magazine (2001)
- The Round Island Project, re-release, UK PC Advisor magazine (2001)
- The Mauritius Conservation Mission, re-release, UK PC Advisor magazine (2001)
[edit] On Gerald Durrell
- A Memorial Celebration for the Life of Gerald Durrell (1995)
- World of Animals episode on Gerald Durrell and Jersey Zoo, Channel One, Moscow (2004)
- The Wild Life of Gerald Durrell, BBC 4 (December 2005)
- Wildlife in a War Zone, using archival Durrell footage and examining the changes brought about by war in Sierra Leone, Animal Planet, May 2006
- Archive Hour with Bridget Nicholls: Discover Your Inner Durrell, BBC Radio 4 Radio (September 2006) [2]
[edit] Book by Gerald Durrell
- The Talking Parcel, Animated movie, directed by Brian Cosgrove, Cosgrove Hall (1979)
- My Family and Other Animals, TV series, BBC (1989)
- My Family and Other Animals, Radio drama, BBC Radio 4 (2001)
- The Fantastic Flying Journey, Animated TV series, directed by Catherine Robbins and John Coates, Two Sides TV / TV Loonland (2001)
- My Family and Other Animals(remake), TV series, BBC (2005) (homepage)
[edit] Screenplay by Gerald Durrell
- Tarka the Otter, movie, directed by David Cobham (1979)
[edit] Trivia
- The movie Fierce Creatures was dedicated to him.
- Durrell's book Fillets of Plaice is a pun on the name of the book Spirit of Place by elder brother Lawrence.
- In the Discworld series of books, there is reference to a fictional book titled My Family and Other Werewolves — clearly a parody on My Family and Other Animals.
- Three actual books punning the name are Simon Doonan's humorous memoir Nasty: My Family and Other Glamorous Varmints, Josephine Feeney's comic novel My Family and Other Natural Disasters and Stories from my life with the other animals by James McConkey.
- Gerald Durrell's debut book The Overloaded Ark, and Lawrence Durrell's Reflections on a Marine Venus were published simultaneously by Faber and Faber, with an advertisement which read: Quests animal ... and human — a dual demonstration of the enviable art of Durrelling.
- Whatever Happened to Margo was written by Margaret Durrell in 1951, but was only discovered in the attic by a granddaughter nearly 40 years later. It describes, among other things, Gerald Durrell's visit to her house in Bournemouth with a full menagerie of animals.
- The film crew of Durrell in Russia were the first Western film crew from beyond the Iron Curtain granted permission to film in the erstwhile U.S.S.R. as part of Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost policies.
- The titles of several of Gerald Durrell's books were changed for release in the USA, a policy similar to that followed for many other British authors, in which words not common in America were changed — e.g., Beasts in My Belfry was changed to A Bevy of Beasts. The Garden of the Gods title was changed because there is a location in the USA by the name Garden of the Gods.
- The "fight scene" between Durrell's pet gecko Geronimo, and a larger praying mantis was directed by the Assistant Producer Nigel Marvin in the BBC 1989 TV series My Family and Other Animals.
- Gerald Durrell was voted "South West Hero" in a poll conducted by the BBC in 2004, ahead of other contenders like Sir Walter Raleigh, Albert Bedane and Billy Butlin. He was also voted the greatest ever Channel Islander by readers of the Jersey Evening Post in 2002.
- Gerald Durrell quotes numerous raunchy limericks in his Corfu Trilogy which have not been documented elsewhere, and it is probable that some of these owe their origins to Lawrence Durrell, Edward Lear and Theodore Stephanides. Gerald Durrell is himself the subject of a few limericks written later (see here).
- A time capsule buried at Jersey Zoo in 1988 contains the following popular quote by Durrell, often used in conservation awareness campaigns:
- We hope that there will be fireflies and glow-worms at night to guide you and butterflies in hedges and forests to greet you.
- We hope that your dawns will have an orchestra of bird song and that the sound of their wings and the opalescence of their colouring will dazzle you.
- We hope that there will still be the extraordinary varieties of creatures sharing the land of the planet with you to enchant you and enrich your lives as they have done for us.
- We hope that you will be grateful for having been born into such a magical world.
[edit] Citations
- ^ (Thomson 1998)
- ^ (McNiven 1998, pp. 79).
- ^ (Gruner 1998)
[edit] Cited Sources
- Thomson, Ian (1998), "The man who thought he was too sexy for Britain", Evening Standard, London, vol. April 6
- McNiven, Ian S. (1998), Lawrence Durrell: A Biography, Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-17248-2
- Gruner, Peter (1998), "Haven for the demure lemur", Evening Standard, London, vol. May 15
[edit] External links
[edit] Institutional links
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust
- The Wildlife Trust, USA
- Wildlife Preservation Canada
- Mauritian Wildlife Federation
- The Durrell School, Corfu
- The Lawrence Durrell Collection at the British Library
- Jersey Zoo architects page
- Children's chapter of the Wildlife Trust (US).
[edit] Database links
- Gerald Durrell at the Internet Movie Database
- BBC database of Gerald Durrell
- First editions in the US and UK
[edit] Tribute websites
[edit] Web Biographies
[edit] Newspaper and magazine articles and reports
- A 1973 TIME magazine report on Durrell's US tour
- The Original Environmentalist - an article in The Independent on the occasion of 50 years of the publishing of My Family and Other Animals.
- Article on Gerald Durrell by famous botanist David Bellamy
- Smith, Helena. "Corfu pays belated tribute to Durrells" in The Guardian, September 22, 2006.
[edit] Obituaries
[edit] Web articles
- Article on Russian translation of Gerald Durrell, retrieved Nov 18, 2006 - The Wayback Machine archive, Oct 27, 2004
- Article on the Corfu Years - presently offline, Feb 21, 2001 archive from The Wayback Machine
[edit] Online Media
- Streaming audio of "Excess Baggage", a travel show with John McCarthy on BBC Radio 4
- Durrelliana - a multimedia blog on Gerald Durrell
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Institutions associated with: Jersey Zoo • Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust • Wildlife Trust • Wildlife Preservation Canada • Mauritian Wildlife Foundation • Madagascar Fauna Group Co-conservationists: Lee Durrell • David Attenborough • Peter Scott • Jeremy Mallinson • Edward Whitley Expeditions undertaken: Argentina • Australia • Belize • Bhutan • Cameroon • India • Madagascar • Malaysia • Mauritius • Mexico • New Zealand • Paraguay • Russia • Sierra Leone Species associations: Aye-Aye • Gorilla • Mauritius Kestrel • Pink Pigeon • Pigmy Hog • Rockfowl • St. Lucia Parrot • Volcano Rabbit Books authored: The Overloaded Ark • Three Singles to Adventure • The Bafut Beagles • The New Noah • The Drunken Forest • My Family and Other Animals • Encounters with Animals • A Zoo in My Luggage • The Whispering Land • Island Zoo • A Look at Zoos • Menagerie Manor • Two in the Bush • The Donkey Rustlers • Rosie is My Relative • Birds, Beasts and Relatives • Fillets of Plaice • Catch Me a Colobus • Beasts in My Belfry • The Talking Parcel • The Stationary Ark • Golden Bats and Pink Pigeons • The Garden of the Gods • The Picnic and Suchlike Pandemonium • The Mockery Bird • Ark on the Move • The Amateur Naturalist • How to Shoot an Amateur Naturalist • Durrell in Russia • The Fantastic Flying Journey • The Fantastic Dinosaur Adventure • The Ark's Anniversary • Keeper • Toby the Tortoise • Marrying Off Mother and Other Stories • The Aye-Aye and I • Puppy Tales • The Best of Gerald Durrell Illustrators: Ralph Thompson • Edward Mortelmans • Peter Barrett • Graham Percy • Keith West • Cliff Wright Famous TV Series: Two in the Bush • Catch Me a Colobus • The Garden of the Gods • The Stationary Ark • Ark on the Move • The Amateur Naturalist • Ourselves and Other Animals • Durrell in Russia Notable others: Jacquie Durrell • Lawrence Durrell • Achirimbi II • Theodore Stephanides • Douglas Botting |
