Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (or GOES) program is a key element in United States' National Weather Service (NWS) operations. GOES weather imagery and quantitative sounding data are a continuous and reliable stream of environmental information used to support weather forecasting, severe storm tracking, and meteorological research. Evolutionary improvements in the geostationary satellite system since 1974 (the launch of the first Synchronous Meteorological Satellite, SMS-1) have been responsible for making the current GOES system the basic element for U.S. weather monitoring and forecasting. Spacecraft and ground-based systems work together to accomplish the GOES mission.
Contents |
[edit] Satellites
The United States has four in operation.
- GOES-9 is on loan to Japan over the mid Pacific as part of a multinational agreement since the Japanese satellite GMS-5 reached the end of its life and the failed launch of the replacement satellite MTSAT-1. It is currently located at 160°E over the Pacific Ocean[1].
- GOES-10 is currently moving to 60°W to supplement the current GOES-East[2]. See note below.
- GOES-11 is designated GOES-West, currently located at 135°W over the Pacific Ocean[3].
- GOES-12 is designated GOES-East, currently located at 75°W over the Amazon River[4]. It provides most of the U.S. weather information.
Several GOES satellites are still in orbit, either inactive or repurposed. GOES-3 is no longer used for weather operations, but is a critical part of the communication links between the United States and Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. A nine meter dish was constructed at the station, and communication with the satellite is possible for approximately five hours per day. Data rates are around 2.048 Mbit/s bi-directional under optimum conditions. GOES-8 (GOES-East when it was in operation) is in a parking orbit, currently drifting about 4°W daily[5]. It was decommissioned on April 1, 2003, and deactivated on May 5, 2004, after the failure of its propulsion system[6].
 GOES-12 visible light image. |
 GOES-12 water vapor image. |
[edit] Purpose
Designed to operate in geostationary orbit, 35,790 km (22,240 statute miles) above the earth, thereby remaining stationary (with respect to a point on the ground), the advanced GOES I–M spacecraft continuously view the continental United States, neighboring environs of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and Central and South America. The three-axis, body-stabilized spacecraft design enables the sensors to "stare" at the earth and thus more frequently image clouds, monitor earth's surface temperature and water vapour fields, and sound the atmosphere for its vertical thermal and vapor structures. Thus the evolution of atmospheric phenomena can be followed, ensuring real-time coverage of short-lived dynamic events, especially severe local storms and tropical cyclones—two meteorological events that directly affect public safety, protection of property, and ultimately, economic health and development. The importance of this capability has recently been exemplified during hurricanes Hugo (1989) and Andrew (1992).
The GOES I–M series of spacecraft are the principal observational platforms for covering such dynamic weather events and the near-earth space environment for the 1990s and into the 21st century. These advanced spacecraft enhance the capability of the GOES system to continuously observe and measure meteorological phenomena in real time, providing the meteorological community and the atmospheric scientist greatly improved observational and measurement data of the Western Hemisphere. In addition to short-term weather forecasting and space environmental monitoring, these enhanced operational services also improve support for atmospheric science research, numerical weather prediction models, and environmental sensor design and development.
[edit] Payload
The main mission is carried out by the primary payload instruments, the Imager and the Sounder. The Imager is a multichannel instrument that senses radiant energy and reflected solar energy from the earth's surface and atmosphere. The Sounder provides data for vertical atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud top temperature, and ozone distribution.
Other instruments on board the spacecraft are the ground-based meteorological platform data collection and relay, and the space environment monitor. The latter consists of a magnetometer, an X-ray sensor, a high energy proton and alpha detector, and an energetic particles sensor, all used for in-situ surveying of the near-earth space environment.
In addition, the GOES satellites carry Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) and Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) receivers, which are used for search-and-rescue purposes by the U.S. Air Force Rescue Coordination Center
[edit] Designations
GOES spacecraft have been manufactured by Boeing (GOES D-H and N–P) and Space Systems/Loral (A–C, I–M). The procurement, design and manufacturing of GOES is overseen by NASA, while all operations of the satellites once in orbit are done by NOAA. Twelve contracts for advanced architecture studies for GOES-R were announced in October 2003.
Once a GOES satellite is launched successfully, it is redesignated with a number. GOES-A to GOES-F became GOES-1 to GOES-6, GOES-G was a failure, GOES-H to GOES-M became GOES-7 to GOES-12.
GOES-13 (which was designated GOES-N prior to orbiting) was launched by a Delta IV rocket from Launch Complex 37B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at 22:11 GMT May 24, 2006.[7]. Repeated glitches in the rocket and weather issues have delayed the launch since late July 2005. GOES-O is scheduled to launch July 7, 2007 [8], and GOES-P will be launched some time in 2008. GOES-Q has no spacecraft manufacturer or launch date.
In October 2006, NOAA will reposition GOES-10 over the Amazon region, to provide full time coverage for South American countries. Although NOAA currently sends images to South America, the frequency drops from 30-minutes to 3 hour whenever a storm occurs in North America, which is roughly 40% of the time during the hurricane season[9].
Note: original entry taken from "GOES I–M Databook" foreword
[edit] Future
The GOES-R series of spacecraft is in the formulation phase. The proposed instrument package for the series is as follows: the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI); the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) (Due to cost and schedule risk of HES, it is no longer part of GOES-R. A replacement instrument is in discussion); the Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS), which includes a Magnetospheric Particle Sensor (MPS), an Energetic Heavy Ion Sensor (EHIS), and a Solar and Galactic Proton Sensor (SGPS); the Solar Imaging Suite (SIS), which includes the Solar X-Ray Imager (SXI), the Solar X-Ray Sensor (SXS), and the Extreme Ultraviolet Sensor (EUVS); the GEO Lightning Mapper (GLM); and the Magnetometer.[10]
[edit] History/status of GOES satellites
- GOES-1, launched on October 16, 1975, decommissioned
- GOES-2, launched on June 16, 1977 decommissioned
- GOES-3, launched on June 16, 1978 Used as a communications relay for the South Pole research station.
- GOES-4, launched on September 9, 1980, Decommissioned
- GOES-5, launched on May 22, 1981, deactivated on July 18, 1990
- GOES-6, launched on April 28, 1983, Decommissioned
- GOES-7, launched April 28, 1987, Decommissioned
- GOES-8, launched on April 13, 1994, Decommissioned
- GOES-9, launched on May 23, 1995, operational with limitations, leased to Japan
- GOES-10, launched on April 25, 1997, orbiting to cover South America
- GOES-11, launched on May 3, 2000, in operation
- GOES-12, launched on July 23, 2001, in operation
- GOES-13, launched on May 24, 2006, orbiting - in storage
[edit] See also
- remote sensing
- MTSAT, Japanese weather satellite program
[edit] References
- ^ GOES-9 Spacecraft Status Summary. Retrieved on August 25, 2006.
- ^ GOES-10 Spacecraft Status Summary. Retrieved on August 25, 2006.
- ^ GOES-11 Spacecraft Status Summary. Retrieved on August 25, 2006.
- ^ GOES-12 Spacecraft Status Summary. Retrieved on August 25, 2006.
- ^ GOES-8 Spacecraft Status Summary. Retrieved on August 25, 2006.
- ^ NOAA DEACTIVATES GOES-8 AFTER 10 YEARS OF SERVICE. Retrieved on August 25, 2006.
- ^ NASA's Shuttle and Rocket Missions. NASA. Retrieved on April 14, 2006.
- ^ GOES-O Status Page. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved on July 20, 2006.
- ^ U.S. to Reposition Satellite Over Amazon. Associated Press. Retrieved on April 17, 2006.
- ^ GOES-R Spacecraft. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Program (GOES). Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved on April 14, 2006.
