George Pullman

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George Carl Pullman (March 3, 1831 – October 19, 1897) was an American inventor and industrialist.

Born in Brocton, , his family moved to Albion, New York. It was here that the young George gained many of his ideas that made him successful. Pullman also manufactured coffins during this time. Pullman dropped out of school at age 14, and eventually became one of Chicago's most influential and controversial figures. He arrived in Chicago in 1855 as that city prepared to build the nations first comprehensive sewer system.

Built on a low-lying bog, Chicago streets were frequently filled with mud deep enough to drown a horse. Unable to drain sewage by placing the sewers below grade, Chicago put its sewers on top of the street and covered them, effectively raising the street level 10-12 feet. Pullman then raised the existing buildings and built a new foundation under them, a technique his father used to move homes during the widening of the Erie Canal. In 1857, with a couple of partners, Pullman proved his technique would work by raising an entire block of stores and office buildings. Pullman added to his reputation when he later raised the massive Tremont House, a six-story brick hotel that stood on an acre (4,000 m²) of ground, with the guests still in it.

Between 1859 and 1863, he spent time as a gold broker near Golden, Colorado where he raised money and met a future business associate, Hanniball Kimball.

He used his money and success to develop a comfortable railroad sleeping car, the Pullman sleeper, or "palace car." These were designed after the packet boats that traveled the Erie Canal of his youth in Albion. The first one was finished in 1864. By arranging to have the body of President Abraham Lincoln carried from Washington, D.C. to Springfield on a sleeper, he received national attention and the orders began to pour in. The sleeping cars proved successful despite the fact that the sleeper cost more than five times the price of a regular railway car.

In 1867 Pullman introduced his first hotel on wheels, the President, a sleeper with an attached kitchen and dining car. The food rivaled the best restaurants of the day and the service was impeccable. A year later in 1868, he launched the Delmonico, the world's first sleeping car devoted to fine cuisine. The Delmonico menu was prepared by chefs from New York's famed Delmonico's Restaurant.

Both the President and the Delmonico and subsequent Pullman sleeping cars offered first-rate service which was provided by recently-freed former house slaves who served as porters, waiters, chambermaids, entertainers, and valets all rolled into one person.

Pullman believed that if his sleeper cars were to be successful, he needed to provide a wide variety of services to travelers: collecting tickets, selling berths, dispatching wires, fetching sandwiches, mending torn trousers, converting day coaches into sleepers, etc. Pullman believed that the former house slaves of the plantatation south had the right combination of training and acquiescence to serve the businessmen that would patronize his "Palace Cars." Pullman became the biggest single employer of African Americans in post-Civil War America.

In 1869 Pullman bought out the Detroit Car and Manufacturing Company. He bought the patents and business of his eastern competitor, the Central Transportation Company in 1870. In the spring of 1871 George Pullman, Andrew Carnegie, and others bailed out the financially troubled Union Pacific and were placed onto its board of directors. By 1875 the Pullman firm owned $100,000 worth of patents, had 700 cars in operation, and had several hundred thousand dollars in the bank.

In 1867 Pullman married Harriett Sanger and built a house in Chicago. They had four children: Florence born in 1868, Harriet in 1869, and twin sons George Jr. and Walter Sanger in 1875. Florence, her father's favorite, was his frequent traveling companion. The Pullman family was socially prominent. Pullman spent time with his Prairie Avenue neighbors, the Armours, the Fields and other wealthy Chicagoans at exclusive clubs and lavish social events.

In 1877 Pullman completed a half-million-dollar Chicago mansion, which was eventually expanded to the grandest estate on Prairie Avenue. In 1888 built a family retreat, Castle Rest, on Pullman Island in Alexandria Bay in the Thousand Islands between New York and Ontario. Pullman's mother was fond of the summer resort. Two of her sons attended nearby St. Lawrence University and her family convened seasonally at the Thousand Islands. Pullman built the landmark "Castle Rest" for his mother. His wife preferred another summer home at the seaside resort, Long Branch, New Jersey. The entire family was at "Castle Rest" for mother Pullman's August birthday each year. The architecturally important "Castle Rest" structure was the first of several "castles" of the Thousand Islands. Designed by Solon Spencer Beman, the main building was maintained by the Pulllman-Lowden family until demolished in the mid-twentieth century. Ancillary structures survive on Pullman Island.

George M. Pullman was pivotal in development of the Thousand Islands as a major international resort. Closely acquainted with President U. S. Grant, he entertained a presidential party at Pullman Island in 1872 (an election year). Ensuing media coverage resulted in a boom of the resort the following season, when grand hotels began to appear.

In 1880 Pullman bought 4000 acres (16 km²) near Lake Calumet some 14 miles south of Chicago on the Illinois Central Railroad for $800,000. He hired Solon Spencer Beman to design his new plant there, and in an effort to solve the issue of labor unrest and poverty, he also built a town adjacent to his factory with its own housing, shopping areas, churches, theaters, parks, hotel and library for his employees. The 1300 original structures were entirely designed by Beman. The centerpiece of the complex was the Administration Building and its man-made lake. The Florence Hotel, named for Pullman's favorite daughter was built nearby. (see Pullman, Chicago).

Pullman believed that the country air and fine facilities without agitators, saloons and city vice districts would result in a happy, loyal workforce. The model planned community became a leading attraction during the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 and caused a national sensation. Pullman was praised by the national press for his benevolence and vision. As pleasant as the community may have been, Pullman expected the town to make money. By 1892 the community, profitable in its own right, was valued at over $5 Million.

Pullman ruled the town like a feudal baron. He prohibited independent newspapers, public speeches, town meetings or open discussion. His inspectors regularly entered homes to inspect for cleanliness and could terminate leases on ten days notice. The church stood empty since no approved denomination would pay rent and no other congregation was allowed. Private charitable organizations were prohibited. Pullman employees declared "We are born in a Pullman house, fed from the Pullman shops, taught in the Pullman school, catechized in the Pullman Church, and when we die we shall go to the Pullman Hell."

When business fell off in 1894, Pullman cut jobs, wages and working hours, but not rents or prices in his town. His failure to lower rents, utility charges and products led his workers to launch the Pullman Strike, a violent upheaval which was eventually broken up by federal troops sent in by President Grover Cleveland.

A national commission formed to study causes of the 1894 strike found Pullman's paternalism partly to blame and Pullman's company town to be "un-American." In 1898, the Illinois Supreme Court forced the Pullman Company to divest ownership in the town, which was annexed to Chicago.

Loathing for Pullman remained, and when he died in 1897, he was buried in Graceland Cemetery at night in a lead-lined coffin within an elaborately reinforced steel-and-concrete vault. Several tons of cement were poured to prevent his body from being exumed and desecrated by labor activists.

His daughter Florence was married to Illinois Governor Frank O. Lowden.

The city of Pullman, Washington was named after George Pullman.

The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, organized after Pullman's death was a leading African American union.

The Pullman Company merged in 1930 with Standard Steel Car Company to become Pullman-Standard, which built its last car for Amtrak in 1982. After delivery the Pullman-Standard plant stayed in limbo, eventually shut down, and in 1987 had its remaining assets absorbed by Bombardier.

The Pullman community is a nationally registered historic site.

Pullman was a very active member of The Commercial Club of Chicago.