George Joseph Smith
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George Joseph Smith (11 January 1872 – 13 August 1915) is more commonly known as the "Brides in the Bath Murderer." He was a 43-year-old British bigamist who killed three women.
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[edit] Early life
The son of an insurance agent, George Joseph Smith was born in Bethnal Green. He was sent to a reformatory at Gravesend at the age of nine and later had served time for swindling and theft. In 1896 he was imprisoned for twelve months for persuading a woman to steal from her employers. He used the proceeds to open a baker's shop in Leicester. It was perhaps his last brush with legitimate work.
In 1898 he married Caroline Beatrice Thornhill (under another alias, Oliver George Love) in Leicester; it was his only legal marriage (although he also married another woman bigamously in 1899). They moved to London where she worked as a maid for a number of employers, stealing from them for her husband. She was eventually caught in Worthing, and sentenced to twelve months. On her release she incriminated her husband, and he was imprisoned for two years in January 1901. On his release, Mrs. Love fled to Canada. Smith then went back to his other wife, cleared out her savings, and left. It is unknown how many women he treated in this manner in the years following.
What is known is that in June 1908 Smith married a widow from Worthing, Florence Wilson. On 3 July he left her, but not before taking £30 drawn from her savings account and selling her belongings from their Camden residence. Then in Bristol on 30 July he married Edith Peglar, who had replied to an advertisement for a housekeeper. He used to disappear for months at a time, saying that he was going to another city to ply his trade, which he claimed was selling antiques. In between his other marriages, Smith would always come back to Edith with money.
In October 1909, and under the name George Rose Smith, he married Sarah Freeman. As with Florence Wilson, he left her after clearing out her savings and selling her war bonds with a total take of £400. It was after this that he married Bessie Munday, and Alice Burnham after that. And between Alice Burnham and Margaret Lofty, in September 1914 he married Alice Reid, under the alias Charles Oliver James. In total, between 1908 and 1914 Smith entered into seven bigamous marriages, and in most of these cases Smith was content to go through his wives' possessions before he disappeared.
[edit] Two similar deaths
One evening in January 1915 Division Detective Inspector Arthur Neil received a letter from a Joseph Crossley, who owned a boarding house in Blackpool. With the letter were two newspaper clippings: one was from The News of the World dated before Christmas 1914, about the tragic death of Margaret Elizabeth Lloyd (née Lofty), aged 38, who died in her lodgings in 14 Bismarck Road, Highgate. She was found in her bathtub by her husband, John Lloyd, and their landlady.
The other clipping contained the report of a coroner's inquest dated 13 December 1913, in Blackpool. It was about a woman named Alice Smith (née Burnham), who died suddenly in a boarding house in that city while in her bathtub. She was found by her husband George Smith.
The letter, dated January 3, was written by Crossley, the landlord of Mr and Mrs Smith, on behalf of Crossley's wife and a Mr Charles Burnham, who both expressed their suspicion on the striking similarity of the two incidents and urged the police to investigate the matter.
[edit] The hunt
Inspector Neil went to 14 Bismarck Road where Mr and Mrs Lloyd had taken lodgings on 17 December. The landlady found it peculiar that before they took the room, Mr Lloyd examined the bathroom first. The bathtub was fifty inches long and sixty-six inches at the top. Neil found it hard to believe that an adult like Mrs Lloyd could have drowned in such a small tub, especially since the tub was three-fourths full when Mrs Lloyd was found. He then went to the coroner, a Dr Bates who signed the death certificate, and cautiously asked if there were signs of violence on the woman. There were none, except for a tiny bruise above the left elbow. However, what was striking about the whole thing was that Mr Lloyd had not shown any grief, and ordered the cheapest coffin for his late bride.
Upon further investigation, Neil learned that a will was made on the 18th, three hours before Margaret Lloyd died, and the sole beneficiary was none other than Mr Lloyd, and the latter submitted the will to a solicitor "for settlement". In addition, Mrs Lloyd withdrew all her savings on that day.
On 12 January Dr Bates called. He had an inquiry for the Yorkshire Insurance Company about the death of Margaret Lloyd. She had, three days before she was married, taken out a life insurance policy for £700, with her husband John Lloyd as sole beneficiary. Neil promptly asked the doctor to stall in his reply. At once he asked for more data on the Smith case from the Blackpool police. Mrs Smith likewise took out a life insurance policy and made a will in her husbands's favor, and took the lodgings in Blackpool only after Mr. Smith inspected the bathtub.
Convinced that he was now dealing with the same man, Neil asked the coroner to issue a favorable report to the insurance company. He was counting on the man to get in touch with his solicitor, and he had the office watched day and night. At last, on 1 February, a man fitting Lloyd/Smith's description appeared. Inspector Neil introduced himself and asked him whether he was John Lloyd. "Yes," replied the man. Then Neil asked him whether he was also George Smith. The man vehemently denied it. Inspector Neil, already sure that John Lloyd and George Smith were the same man, told him that he would take him for questioning because of bigamy. The man finally admitted that he was indeed George Smith.
Neil guessed that Smith made that admission because he would rather admit to having committed bigamy than murder. In any case, Smith was under arrest.
[edit] Spilsbury enters the case
When Smith was arrested for the charge of bigamy and suspicion of murder, the renowned pathologist Bernard Spilsbury was asked to determine how the women died. Although he was the Home Office pathologist and acted mainly in a consulting capacity, he was also available for direct assistance to the police force.
Margaret Lloyd's body was exhumed, and Spilsbury's first task was to confirm drowning as the cause of death; and if so whether by accident or by force. He confirmed the tiny bruise on the elbow as noted before, as well as two microscopic marks. Even the evidence of drowning was not extensive. There were no signs of heart or circulatory disease, but the evidence suggested that death was almost instantaneous, as if the victim died of a sudden stroke. Poison was also seen as a possibility, and Spilsbury ordered tests on its presence. Finally, he proposed to Neil that they run some experiments in the very same bathtub in which Margaret died. Neil had it set up in the police station.
Despite the exhumation being carried out as discreetly as possible, the press got wind of it and stories about the "Brides in the Baths" began to appear. On 8 February the chief of police of Herne Bay, a small seaside resort in Kent, had read the stories, and sent Neil a report of another death which was strikingly similar to the other two.
[edit] A third victim
A year before Alice Burnham's death in Blackpool, one Henry Williams had rented a house in 80 High Street, with no bath, for himself and his wife Beatrice "Bessie" Munday, whom he married in Weymouth in 1910. He then rented a bathtub seven weeks later. He then took his wife to local doctor, Frank French, due to supposed attack of epilepsy, although Mrs Williams was only complaining of headaches, for which the doctor prescribed some medication. On 12 July 1912, Mr Williams woke Dr French, saying that his wife was having another attack. He checked on her and promised to come back the following afternoon. However, he was surprised when, on the following morning, he was informed by Mr Williams that his wife had died of drowning. The doctor found Bessie Williams in the tub, her head underwater, her legs stretched out straight and her feet protruding out of the water. There was no trace of violence, so Dr French attributed the drowning to an attack of epilepsy. The inquest jury was apparently convinced and awarded Mr Williams the amount of £2,579 13s 7d, as stipulated in Mrs Williams' will, made up five days before her death.
Neil then sent photographs of Smith to Herne Bay for possible identification and went to Blackpool, where Spilsbury was conducting an autopsy of Alice Williams. The results were the same as with Margaret Lloyd: the lack of violence, every suggestion of instantaneous death, and little evidence of drowning. Furthermore, there were no traces of poison on Margaret Lloyd. Baffled, Spilsbury routinely took measurements of the corpse and had the tub sent to London.
Back in London, Neil had received confirmation from Herne Bay. "Henry Williams" was the same man as "John Lloyd" and "George Smith". This time, when Spilsbury examined Bessie Williams, he found one sure sign of drowning: the presence of goose bumps on the skin. As with the other two deaths, the tub in which Mrs Williams had died was sent to London.
[edit] Solution and trial
For weeks Spilbury pondered over the bathtubs and the victims' measurements. Supposing, he thought, that Bessie Williams had indeed had an epileptic fit. Its first stage consists of a stiffening and extension of the entire body. Considering her height (five feet seven inches) and the length of the tub (five feet), the upper part of her body would have been pushed up the sloping head of the tub, far above the level of the water. The second stage consists of violent spasms of the limbs, which were drawn up to the body and then flung outward. Therefore, no one of her size could possibly get underwater, even when her muscles were relaxed, in the third stage: the tub was simply too small.
Suddenly, he hit upon a possible solution. Using Dr French's description of Bessie Williams when he found her in the bathtub, Spilsbury reasoned that Smith, under the pretence of a lover's teasing, must have seized Bessie by the feet and suddenly pulled them up toward himself, sliding the upper part of the body underwater. The sudden flood of water into her nose and throat might cause shock and sudden loss of consciousness. This would explain the absence of injuries and minimal signs of drowning.
To try out Spilsbury's theory, Neil hired several experienced women divers of the same size and build as the victims. He tried to push them underwater by force but there would be inevitable signs of struggle. Finally, Neil did what Spilsbury had suggested: he unexpectedly pulled the feet of one of the divers, and her head glided underwater before she knew what was happened. Suddenly Neil was alarmed when he saw that the woman was no longer moving. He quickly pulled her out of the tub and it took him and a doctor over half an hour before they were able to revive her. When she came to, she related that the only thing she remembered was the rush of water before she lost consciousness. This despite the fact that she expected the attack and was an experienced diver. Thus was Spilsbury's theory confirmed.
George Joseph Smith was charged for the murders of Bessie Williams, Alice Smith and Margaret Lloyd on 23 March 1915. On 22 June, he went on trial at the Old Bailey. Although he could only be tried for the murder of Bessie Williams in accordance with English law, the prosecution used the deaths of the other two to establish the pattern of Smith's crimes; this was allowed by Mr Justice Scrutton despite the protests of Smith's barrister, Sir Edward Marshall-Hall.
There was an oft-repeated myth that a courtroom demonstration was made of how Smith dispatched his victims, which allegedly sent visible shudders in the courtrom, not least of all among the jurors. However, the transcript of the trial makes it clear that no demonstration was held in court and Travers Humphreys, one of the prosecuting counsel, wrote that this never happened.
It took the jury about twenty minutes on 1 July to find him guilty and he was sentenced to death. Smith's appeal against his verdict and sentence was dismissed, and on 13 August, Smith was hanged in Maidstone prison by John Ellis.
[edit] Popular culture
[edit] TV
The Brides in the Bath (2003), British tv movie made by Yorkshire Television, starring Martin Kemp as George Smith.
[edit] Theatre
The Mysterious Mr Love by Karoline Leach produced by Bill Kenwright and starring Paul Nicholas and Susan Penhaligon. Based upon the story of George Joseph Smith.
[edit] References
- J.H.H. Gaute and Robin Odell, The New Murderer's Who's Who, 1996, Harrap Books, London
- Notable British Trials
- Herbert Arthur, All the Sinners, 1931, London
- Nigel Balchin, The Anatomy of Villainy, 1950, London
- Dudley Barker, Lord Darling's Famous Cases, 1936, London
- Sir Travers Humphreys: His Career and Cases, 1936, London
- William Bolitho, Murder for Profit, 1926, London
- Ernest Bowen-Rowlands, In the Light of the Law, 1931, London
- Douglas G. Brown and E.V. Tullett, Sir Bernard Spilsbury: His Life and Cases, 1951, London
- Albert Crew, The Old Bailey, 1933, London
- Harold Dearden, Death under the Microscope, 1934, London
