George C. Marshall Institute

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The George C. Marshall Institute (GMI) was established in 1984 in Washington, D.C. "to conduct technical assessments of scientific issues with an impact on public policy". It is known for its skeptical position on global warming, and its strong support for the Strategic Defense Initiative. The institute is named after World War II military leader and statesman George C. Marshall.

Since 1989 GMI has been involved in "a critical examination of the scientific basis for global climate change policy". [1] Although it says "There is a sufficient basis for action because the climate change risk is real," [2] it is strongly associated with attempts to play up scientific uncertainty about global warming, and to prevent regulatory action on global warming.[3] Noted skeptics Sallie Baliunas and Frederick Seitz are on its Board of Directors, Patrick Michaels is a "visiting scientist" and Stephen McIntyre, Willie Soon and Ross McKitrick are "contributing writers".[4] Richard Lindzen served on the Institute's Science Advisory Board.[5] Four members of GMI's Board of Directors have been involved with SEPP. [6] GMI is a former member of the Cooler Heads Coalition.

In 1998 Jeffrey Salmon, then executive director of GMI, helped develop the American Petroleum Institute's strategy of stressing the uncertainty of climate science.[7] In February 2005 GMI co-sponsored a Congressional briefing at which Senator James Inhofe praised Michael Crichton's novel State of Fear and attacked the "hockey stick graph". [8]

Between 1985 and 2001, the institute received $5.5m in funding from five foundations, including the Earhart Foundation, Sarah Scaife Foundation and Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation.[9]

GMI used to restrict its funding sources to private foundations and individual donars, but in 1999, Salmon wrote that "Fifteen years of experience with a policy of refusing grants from industry has taught us that our reasons for adopting this restriction were both right and wrong. We were right about it costing us money. But we were wrong to think the policy would permit us to avoid the charge of being a corporate funded think-tank." He said that "the positions we had taken over the last decade and a-half were so crystal-clear that it would be absurd to claim that the Marshall Institute was tailoring its position to fit the needs of some corporate interest", and accordingly, "From now on the Marshall Institute will accept grants for general program support from corporate foundations and in some cases directly from corporations. The Board has also determined that before we accept a grant it must be clear to us that the corporate foundation or corporation offering us funding must have a prior record of supporting well-known environmental groups, or groups with a record of opposing the deployment of ballistic missile defenses."[10]

In 1999, GMI received grants from the Exxon Education Foundation [11]. The institute's CEO William O'Keefe, formerly an executive at the American Petroleum Institute and chairman of the Global Climate Coalition, is a registered lobbyist for ExxonMobil. [12]

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