Geography of Peru

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Geography of Peru

Continent	Americas
Region	South America
Coordinates	10°00′ S 76°00′ W (See: Extreme points of Peru)
Area	Ranked 19º 1 285 220 km² {{{miles area}}} miles² {{{percent land}}}% land {{{percent water}}}% water
Coastline	2,414 km ({{{miles coastline}}} miles)
Borders	Total land borders: 5 536 km Bolivia: 900 km Brazil: 1 560 km Chile: 160 km Colombia: 1 496 km Ecuador: 1 402 km
Highest point	6,768 m (Nevado Huascaran)
Lowest point	-34 m (Bayovar Depression)
Longest river	Amazon
Largest lake	Lake Titicaca

Map of Peru

Political map of Peru

Economic activity in Peru

Vegetation of Peru

Geographic coordinates: 10°00′S 76°00′W

Area:
land: 1.28 million km²
water: 5,220 km²

Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200 nautical miles (370 km)
territorial sea: 200 nautical miles (370 km)

1 Climate
2 Amazon Basin or Low Amazon
3 High Amazon
4 Andean Mountain Ranges
5 Coast
6 Central & Southern Coast
7 Northern Coast
8 External links

[edit] Climate

Main article: Climate of Peru

The combination of tropical latitude, various mountain ranges, topography variations and two ocean currents (Humboldt and El Niño) gives Peru a large diversity of climates, 28 out of a possible 32. Peru is the worlds record for country with most type of climate diversity

[edit] Amazon Basin or Low Amazon

The eastern portions of Peru includes the Amazon Basin or selva baja, a region that is larger in the north than in the south. Representing roughly 60% of Peru's national territory, this area includes the Amazon, Marañón, Huallaga and Ucayali Rivers. Comprised of a vast tropical forest and countless rivers and streams, rainfall varies from 2000 to 4000 mm per year. Temperatures rarely go below the 19 C°, and on occasions the temperature can rise over the 42°C mark. The average temperature is 28 °C. Important urban centers in this biologically and culturally diverse region include Iquitos and Yurimaguas in the Loreto Region, Pucallpa in Ucayali, and to the south Puerto Maldonado in Madre de Dios.

Rainfall varies from 2000 to 4000 mm per year.

[edit] High Amazon

The High Amazon or selva alta is found on the eastern slopes of the Andes. This region is one of the wettest places on earth due to the tropical effects and the falling Andes rivers. Annual rainfall ranges from 3,000 to 15,000 mm. The average temperature is 24 C°. Temperatures are less suffocating than the Amazon Basin yet it can go over 35°C and as low as 15°C. Examples of this ecorregion are found in the Amazonas Region, Maynas, Jaen, San Martin Region, the easter ends of Cajamarca Region, Huanuco, Oxapampa in Cerro de Pasco, the Tambopata resort and Urubamba in Cusco,

On the southern Amazon near the frontier with Bolivia there are also variations of climate from tropical Amazon to an ecoregion of Savanna palm trees.

[edit] Andean Mountain Ranges

The Andes shelter the largest variety of climates in the country. The climate is semi-arid in the valleys and moist in higher elevations and towards the eastern flanks. Rainfall varies from 200 to 1500 mm per year. The rainy season starts in October and ends in April. The rainiest months are January through March where travel can be sometimes affected.

The western slopes are arid to semi-arid and receive rainfall only between January and March. Below the 2500 m mark, the temperatures vary between 5 and 15 °C in the night versus 18 to 25 °C in the day.

Between 2500 and 3500 meters the temperatures vary from 0 to 12 °C in the night and from 15 to 25 °C during the day. At higher elevations from 3500 to 4500 meters, the Puna ecoregion, the temperature varies from −10 to 8 °C during the night versus 15 °C during the day.

The northernmost regions of the Andes around Cajamarca and Piura regions have Paramo climates.

[edit] Coast

Is a microclimatic region. The region is affected by the cold Humboldt Current, El Niño Southern Oscillation, tropical latitude and the Andes mountain range.

The central and southern coast consists of a subtropical desert climate composed off sandy and rocky shores, accasional garuas, both foggy and sunny days exchanging places and inland cutting valleys. These regions are usually characterized by having mildy cold lows (14 C°) and also mildly highs (30 C°). Temperature for most of the year doest not go below 14 C° and doest not go over 30 C° except in thesouthern coast where it gets a bit warmer and drier for most of the year during daytime, although it also can get colder during winter nights (8 to 9C°).The occasional garua or fog of the central and souther is common during winter months yet even during summer days there are some foggy days. One most not forget that although it may not be as warm as typical tropical latitudes sun will hit and strick as if your in any other tropical place.

The northern coast has a curious tropical-dry or also called tropical-savanna climate. This region is a lot warmer and can be unbearable during summer months where rainfall is also present. The egion differs from the southern ones by having presence of shrubs,equotorial-dry-forests, mangrooves forests, tropical valleys near rivers such asRio Chira or Rio Tumbes, and is blessed by clear sunny skies for most of the year. The average temperature is 25 C°.

[edit] Central & Southern Coast

The central and southern coastal have a subtropical desert climate. Even though the region is located at tropical latitudes the Humboldt Current is 7 to 8 degrees Celsius colder than normal tropical seas at 14 to 19 °C. This fact affects the coastal terrain preventing high tropical temperatures from appearing, and since the Andes mountains tend to be closer to the coast it also prevents Amazon clouds to appear, creating a shade effect with few annual rainfalls until you reach the northern coast.

Rainfall averages 5 mm/yr near the Chilean border to 200 mm/yr in the northern coast and near the Andes.

The central coast is composed of regions like La Libertad, Ancash and Lima, having a spring-like climate for most of the year. Foggy and sunny days intermingle around the humid sand dunes most of the year.

Most summers (January-April) have pleasant temperatures from 19 to 22 °C during the nights to about 29 to 30 °C during daytime. Winters (June-October) are very humid, and range from 14 to 15 °C during the nights to around the 17 to 18 °C during the day.

The spring and autumn months have a pleasant climate that ranges from 24 °C during the day to around 17 °C during the night. As you go inland, away from the coast and on to the yunga valleys the climate is drier and warmer during all seasons: around 3 degrees Celsius warmer in any given month.

Strangely enough, it also gets warmer if you go north of Lima into La Libertad or Ancash or south of Lima (Pisco, Chincha), at least during the day. The reason is probably since Lima is located where the Humboldt current prevails, yet there are tropical sun rays above the clouds that create fog and since there is no passage of hot clouds from the Amazon to the coast, the climate is cooler that similar tropical latitudes. This created a lot of humidity and fog in winter times.

The southern coast composed of Ica, Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna regions have a drier and warmer climate during the day-time for all months except for winters. There are regions famous for their sand dunes and impressive deserts since the climate is drier and hotter. The temperatures can go as high as 36 °C in the Nazca and Ica regions inland, yet can fall to 8 or 9 °C during the winter months. During the daytime temperatures rarely go below the 22 or 23 °C for all months. These fact determine that the southern coast have a semi Mediterranean desert like climate yet there is small variations between temperatures during night time or daty time, as regions in tropical latitudes. Clear skies are for the most part attractive near the coastal cliffs, home to a variety of fish and marine mammals.

[edit] Northern Coast

The northern coast consits of the eastern region of Lambayeque, the Piura Region and the Tumbes Region. They are characterized by having different climate and geography from the rest of the coast. Right between the 3 hour drive on the Sechura desert, which is located north of the Lambayeque Region and south of the Piura Region, is the evidence of climate change from the common subtropical desert found on the south to visible tropicalization effects of the tropical-dry climate or tropical savanna. Examples of this are the tropical dry forests that begin to appear. They are composed of shrubs, thorny trees, carrob trees, faique trees, huayacan trees, hualtaco trees, palo santo trees, ceibo trees and on the coast mangrove forests. It is also a biodiverse area where typical wildlife can be observed such as crocodiles, reptiles, iguanas, boas, pava aliblanca, anteater (bear), sloth (bearh) and many more.

This climatical reasons for change are the presence of the warm Niño Current during the summer months (December to April), the eventual El Niño Phenomenon and the passing of Amazon Jungles clouds due to mountain openings and lower altitudes of the Andes Chain. These are the causes for a climate change in a short two or three hour trajectory that is visible between the Lambayeque Region and the Sechura Province, where not only geography changes but a temperature rise of 6 °C or mor depending on the month. It is directly off the shores of the Sechura Region where the cold Humboldt current and warm el Niño current meet, at about 5° to 6° south of the equator. From this point warm temperatures are most common, and there are no true winters. Average temperatures range between 24.5-27 C°. Clear skies, beautiful warm valleys, eroded terrains with reddish colored sands, rice fields, palm trees, savannas, bushy forests, dense rivers, beautiful warm turquoise beaches, orangey or yellowish terrains, clearer sands and a sun that hits like the African plateau, where shade is almost impossible.

Summer (December through March) is more humid and very hot, with average temperatures that vary from 25 °C during the night to around 34 °C during the day, although north of Lambayeque it can reach the 40 °C. Winters (June-September) are cooler during the nights; around 16 °C during the night, to around 27 °C during the daytime.

There are protected areas in Tumbes and Piura filled with tropical canelo forests and tropical dry forests such as Caza de Coto and Cerros de Amotape, both extending into southern Ecuador. The areas of eastern-Lambayeque also have tropical dry forests which are found in the Chaparri and Chongoyape provinces. These forests have the particularity of connecting to the Amazon basin through the Marañon passage (an area where there are also tropical dry forests).Mangrove forests are located in four specific areas from Sechura to Tumbes.

In these regions there are mangroove forests at the ending strips of the Piura River in the Sechura Province Vice (the southernmost mangroves in the Pacific Ocean). To the north the ending strips of the Chira River, Tumbes River, and Zarumilla River also have mangrove forests that flow into the ocean.

Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva).

Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower.

Land use:
arable land: 3%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 21%
forests and woodland: 66%
other: 10% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: 12,800 km² (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity

Environment - current issues: deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the coast and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol