French India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
French India is a general name for the former French possessions in India. These included Puduchery, Karikal and Yanaon (now, Yañam) on the Coromandel Coast, Mahé on the Malabar coast, and Chandannagore in Bengal. In addition there were lodges (loges) located at Machilipatnam, Kozhikode and Surat, but they were merely nominal remnants of French factories.
The total area amounted to 203 mi² (526 km²), of which 113 mi² (293 km²) belonged to the territory of Puducherry. In 1901 the total population amounted to 273,185.
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[edit] History
- See also: Colonial History of Yanam
The first French expedition to India is believed to have taken place in the reign of Francis I, when two ships were fitted out by some merchants of Rouen to trade in eastern seas; they sailed from Le Havre and were never afterwards heard of. In 1604 a company was granted letters patent by Henry IV, but the project failed. Fresh letters patent were issued in 1615, and two ships went to India, only one returning.
La Compagnie française des Indes orientales (French East India Company) was formed under the auspices of Cardinal Richelieu (1642) and reconstructed under Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1664), sending an expedition to Madagascar. In 1667 the French India Company sent out another expedition, under the command of François Caron (who was accompanied by a Persian named Marcara), which reached Surat in 1668 and established the first French factory in India. In 1669, Marcara succeeded in establishing another French factory at Masulipatam. In 1672, Saint Thomas was taken but the French were driven out by the Dutch. Chandernagore (present-day Chandannagar) was established in 1673, with the permission of Nawab Shaista Khan, the Mughal governor of Bengal. In 1674, the French acquired Valikondapuram from the Sultan of Bijapur and thus the foundation of Puducherry was laid. By 1720, the French lost their factories at Surat, Masulipatam and Bantam to the British.
On February 4th, 1673, Bellanger, a French officer, took up residence in the Danish Lodge in Puducherry and the French Period of Puducherry began. In 1674 Francois Martin, the first Governor, started to build Puducherry and transformed it from a small fishing village into a flourishing port-town. The French were in constant conflict, in India, with the Dutch and the English. In 1693 the Dutch took over and fortified the town considerably. The French regained Puducherry in 1699 through the Treaty of Ryswick signed on September 20, 1697.
Between 1720 and 1741, the objectives of the French were purely commercial. The French occupied Yanam (about 840 km north-east of Puducherry on Andhra Coast) in 1723, Mahe on Malabar Coast in 1725 and Karaikal (about 150 km south of Puducherry) in 1739. After 1742 political motives began to overshadow the desire for commercial gain. All factories were fortified for the purpose of defence.
In the 18th century the town of Puducherry was laid out on a grid pattern and grew considerably. Able Governors like Pierre Christoph Le Noir (1726-1735) and Pierre Benoît Dumas (1735-1741) expanded the Puducherry area and made it a large and rich town. Soon after his arrival in 1741, the most famous French Governor of Puducherry Joseph François Dupleix began to cherish the ambition of a French Empire in India but his superiors had less interest. French ambition clashed with the British interests in India and a period of military skirmishes and political intrigues began. Under the command of Bussy, Dupleix's army successfully controlled the area between Hyderabad and Cape Comorin. But then Robert Clive arrived in India, a dare-devil British officer who dashed the hopes of Dupleix to create a French Colonial India. After a defeat and failed peace talks, Dupleix was recalled to France.
In spite of a treaty between the British and French not to interfere in local politics, the intrigues continued. Subsequently France sent Lally Tollendal to regain the French losses and chase the British out of India. After an initial success they razed Fort St. David in Cuddalore District to the ground, but strategic mistakes by Lally led to the loss of the Hyderabad region, the Battle of Wandiwash, and the siege of Puducherry in 1760. In 1761 Puducherry was razed to the ground in revenge and lay in ruins for 4 years. The French had lost their hold in South India.
In 1765 the town was returned to France after a peace treaty with England in Europe. Governor Jean Law de Lauriston set to rebuild the town on the old foundations and after five months 200 European and 2000 Tamil houses had been erected. During the next 50 years Puducherry changed hands between France and Britain with the regularity of their wars and peace treaties.
In 1816, after the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, the five establishments of Puducherry, Chandranagore, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam and the loges at Machilipattnam, Kozhikode and Surat were returned to France. Puducherry had lost much of its former glory, and Chandernagore was eclipsed as a trading center by the nearby British establishment of Calcutta (present-day Kolkata). Successive governors improved infrastructure, industry, law and education over the next 138 years.
By decree of the January 25, 1871, French India was provided with an elective general council (Conseil général) and elective local councils (Conseil local). The results of this measure were not very satisfactory, and the qualifications for and the classes of the franchise were modified. The governor resided at Puducherry, and was assisted by a council. There were two tribunals of first instance (Tribunal d'instance) (at Puduchery and Karikal) one court of appeal (Cour d'appel) (at Puduchery) and five justices of the peace (Justice de paix). The agricultural produce consisted of rice, earth-nuts, tobacco, betel nuts and vegetables.
The independence of India in August 1947 gave impetus to the union of France's Indian possessions with former British India. The lodges in Machilipatnam, Kozhikode and Surat were ceded to India in October 1947. An agreement between France and India in 1948 agreed to an election in France's remaining Indian possessions to choose their political future. Governance of Chandernagore was ceded to India on 2 May 1950, and was merged with West Bengal state on 2 October 1955. On November 1, 1954, after long years of freedom stuggle the four enclaves of Puducherry, Yanam, Mahe, and Karikal were de facto transferred to the Indian Union and became the Union Territory of Puducherry. The de jure union of French India with the India did not take place until 1963, when the French Parliament in Paris ratified the treaty with India.
[edit] List of Governors of French Establishments in India
- François Caron, 1668 - 1672
- François Baron, 1672-1681
- François Martin, 1681 – November 1693
- Dutch occupation, September 1693 - September 1699 <-- Treaty of Ryswick (1697)
- François Martin, September 1699 - December 31, 1706
- Pierre Dulivier, January 1707-July 1708
- Guillaume André d'Hébert, 1708 - 1712
- Pierre Dulivier, 1712 -1717
- Guillaume André d'Hébert, 1717 - 1718
- Pierre André Prévost de La Prévostière, August 1718 – 11 October 1721
- Pierre Christoph Le Noir(Acting), 1721-1723
- Joseph Beauvollier de Courchant, 1723 - 1726
- Pierre Christoph Le Noir, 1726 - 1734
- Pierre Benoît Dumas, 1734 - 1741
- Joseph François Dupleix, January 14, 1742 - October 15, 1754
- Charles Godeheu, Le commissaire (Acting), October 15, 1754 - 1754
- Georges Duval de Leyrit, 1754 - 1758
- Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally-Tollendal, 1758 – January 16, 1761
- British occupation, January 15, 1761 - June 25, 1765 <-- Treaty of Paris (1763)
- Jean Law de Lauriston*, 1765 - 1766
- Antoine Boyellau, 1766 - 1767
- Jean Law de Lauriston*, 1767 – January 1777
- Guillaume de Bellecombe, seigneur de Teirac, January 1777 - 1782
- Charles Joseph Pâtissier, Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, 1783 - 1785
- Le Vicomte, François de Souillac, 1785
- David Charpentier de Cossigny, October 1785 - 1787
- Thomas, comte de Conway, October 1787 - 1789
- Camille Charles Leclerc, Chevalier de Fresne,1789 - 1792
- Dominique Prosper de Chermont, November 1792 - 1793
- L. Leroux de Touffreville, 1793
- Charles Matthieu Isidore, Comte Decaen, June 18, 1802 - August 1803
- Louis François Binot, 1803
- British occupation, August 1803 – 26 September 1816 <-- Treaty of Paris (1814)
- André Julien, Comte Dupuy, September 26, 1816 – October 1825
- Joseph Cordier, Marie Emmanuel (Acting), October 1825 – June 19, 1826
- Eugène Panon, Comte Desbassayns de Richemont, 1826 – August 2, 1828
- Joseph Cordier, Marie Emmanuel (Acting), August 2, 1828 – April 11, 1829
- Auguste Jacques Nicolas Peureux de Mélay, April 11, 1829 – May 3, 1835
- Hubert Jean Victor, marquis de Saint-Simon, May 3, 1835 – April 1840
- Paul de Nourquer du Camper, April 1840 - 1844
- Louis Pujol, 1844 - 1849
- Hyacinth Marie de Lalande de Calan, 1849 - 1850
- Philippe Achille Bédier, 1851 - 1852
- Raymond de Saint-Maur, August 1852 - April 1857
- Alexandre Durand d'Ubraye, April 1857 - January 1863
- Napoléon Joseph Louis Bontemps, January 1863 - June 1871
- Michaux, June 1871 - November 1871
- Pierre Aristide Faron, November 1871 - 1875
- Adolph Joseph Antoine Trillard, 1875 - 1878
- Léonce Laugier, February 1879 - April 1881
- Théodore Drouhet, 1881 - October 1884
- Étienne Richaud, October 1884 - 1886
- Édouard Manès, 1886 - 1888
- Georges Jules Piquet, 1888 - 1889
- Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet, 1889 - 1891
- Léon Émile Clément-Thomas, 1891 -1896
- Louis Jean Girod, 1896 - February 1898
- François Pierre Rodier, February 1898 - January 11, 1902
- Pelletan (Acting), January 11, 1902 - 1902
- Victor Louis Marie Lanrezac, 1902 - 1904
- Philema Lemaire, August 1904 - April 1905
- Joseph Pascal François, April 1905 - October 1906
- Gabriel Louis Angoulvant, October 1906 - December 3, 1907
- Adrien Jules Jean Bonhoure, 1908 - 1909
- Ernest Fernand Lévecque, 1909 - July 9, 1910
- Alfred Albert Martineau, July 9, 1910 - July 1911
- Pierre Louis Alfred Duprat, July 1911 - November 1913
- Alfred Martineau, November 1913 - June 29, 1918
- (unknown), June 29, 1918 - February 21, 1919
- Louis Martial Innocent Gerbinis, February 21, 1919 - February 11, 1926
- Pierre Jean Henri Didelot, 1926 - 1928
- Robert Paul Marie de Guise, 1928 - 1931
- François Adrien Juvanon, 1931 - 1934
- Léon Solomiac, Août 1934 – 1936
- Horace Valentin Crocicchia, 1936 -1938
- Louis Alexis Étienne Bonvin, September 26, 1938 - 1945
- Nicolas Ernest Marie Maurice Jeandin, 1945 - 1946
- Charles François Marie Baron, March 20, 1946 - August 20, 1947
- Charles François Marie Baron, August 20, 1947 - May 1949
- Charles Chambon, May 1949 - July 31, 1950
- André Ménard, July 31, 1950 - October 1954
- Georges Escargueil, October 1954 - November 1, 1954
de facto transfer to Indian Union
- Mr.Kewal Singh November 1, 1954 - 1957
- M.K. Kripalani 1957 - 1958
- L.R.S. Singh 1958 - 1958
- AS Bam 1960
- Sarat Kumar Dutta 1961 - 1961
[edit] Date of Events
| Colony | Liberation | de-facto transfer | Treaty of Cession | de-jure transfer | Merger |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pondichéry | - | 1 Nov 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 Aug 1963 | 1 Jul 1963 |
| Chandernagore | - | 26 Jun 1949 | 28 Feb 1951 | 9 Jun 1952 | 1 Oct 1954 |
| Karikal | - | 1 Nov 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 Aug 1963 | 1 Jul 1963 |
| Mahé | 16 Jun 1954 | 1 Nov 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 Aug 1963 | 1 Jul 1963 |
| Yanaon | 13 Jun 1954 | 1 Nov 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 Aug 1963 | 1 Jul 1963 |
[edit] See also
- Causes for Liberation of French colonies in India
- Municipal Administration in French India
- European colonies in India
- Coup d'État de Yanaon
- French colonial empire
- Chanda Sahib
- Muzaffar Jang
- Salabat Jang
[edit] References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- Freedom struggle in Pondicherry - Gov't of India publication
