Frederick Browning
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Lieutenant General Sir Frederick Arthur Montague Browning, GCVO KBE, CB, DSO (December 20, 1896 – March 14, 1965) was a British military officer. His most famous role was as the deputy commander of First Allied Airborne Army in Operation Market Garden. He was known affectionately as "Boy" Browning.
His military career began in World War I, during which he met Winston Churchill, who many years later placed him in command of the 1st Airborne Division during the Second World War. He became a Captain in 1920, and a Major in 1928. Promotion to Lieutenant-Colonel followed in 1935. In 1935 he was the commanding officer of the 2nd Battalion, Grenadier Guards. He held that position until about the time of the outbreak of World War II, when he became Commandant of the Small Arms School as a Brigadier. In 1940, he was given command of the 24th Guards Brigade.
In 1941 Churchill, who had by then become Prime Minister, appointed him as commander of the British 1st Airborne Division. He held that position through the unit's fighting in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy.
In 1943, he was given command of British First Airborne Corps, which in 1944 became part of First Allied Airborne Army (with Browning now a Lieutenant-General). US Lieutenant-General Lewis H Brereton gained command of the Army and Browning became deputy commander and retained his position as commander of the British Airborne Corps.
Browning was second-in-command of the airborne forces from the First Allied Airborne Army committed during Operation Market Garden, landing with a tactical headquarters near Nijmegen but finding it difficult to command the troops due to communications failures and their geographical separation. His usage of 36 aircraft to move his Corps headquarters on the first lift has been criticized; the number of combat troops on the first lift was already restricted due to a decision not to make two drops on the first day. The US General James M. Gavin, commanding the US 82nd Airborne Division, was also highly critical of Browning, writing in his diary on September 6, 1944 that he "...unquestionably lacks the standing, influence and judgment that comes from a proper troop experience....his staff was superficial...Why the British units fumble along...becomes more and more apparent. Their tops lack the knowhow, never do they get down into the dirt and learn the hard way."
After the battle Browning's critical evaluation of the contribution of Polish forces led to the removal of Polish Major-General Stanisław Sosabowski as the commanding officer of the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade. This is now being seen as unjust scapegoating by the inner circle of British higher military ranks. {In 2006 the Dutch awarded Sosabowski the Bronze Lion and the Polish 1st. Ind. Par. Brigade the Order of William.}
In the film A Bridge Too Far based on the events of Operation Market Garden, Browning was portrayed by Dirk Bogarde.
Although Field Marshal Montgomery attached no blame to Browning for the failure of Operation Market Garden, he received no further promotion above Lieutenant General. He subsequently became Chief of Staff to Lord Mountbatten, Commander-in-Chief of the South East Asia Command. His last major military post was as Military Secretary of the War Office, 1946-1948.
From 1948 to 1952 he was Comptroller and Treasurer to Her Royal Highness the Princess Elizabeth Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen Elizabeth II), and from 1952 to 1959 he was Treasurer to the Duke of Edinburgh.
He was married to the novelist Dame Daphne du Maurier. One of their daughters, Tessa, married David Bernard Montgomery, 2nd Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, son of Field Marshal Montgomery.
Browning received the DSO in 1917, and was appointed a CB in 1943. He was made a KBE in 1946. In 1953 he was made a KCVO, and was advanced to GCVO in 1959.
