Franco-Provençal language

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Franco-Provençal, Arpitan patouès
Pronunciation:	IPA: /patuˈe/ /patuˈɑ/
Spoken in:	Italy, Switzerland, France
Region:	Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Foggia, Suisse-Romande, Savoie, Bresse, Bugey, Dombes, Beaujolais, Dauphiné, Lyonnais, Forez, Franche-Comté
Total speakers:	(est.) 113,400
Ranking:	Potentially endangered language: Italy Endangered language: France, Switz.
Language family:	Indo-European  Italic   Romance    Italo-Western     Western      Gallo-Iberian       Gallo-Romance        Gallo-Rhaetian (SIL)         Oïl (SIL)          Southeastern (SIL)           Franco-Provençal, Arpitan
Writing system:	Latin alphabet with diacritical marks
Official status
Official language of:	protected by statute in Aosta Valley Autonomous Region.
Regulated by:	no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	roa
ISO/FDIS 639-3:	frp
Map of the Franco-Provençal Language Area: Dark Blue: Protected. — Medium Blue: General regions. Light Blue: Historical transition zone.
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-​based pronunciation key.

Franco-Provençal (Francoprovençal), Arpitan, or Romand (in vernacular: patouès) (in Italian: francoprovenzale, arpitano, patoa; French: francoprovençal, arpitan, patois) is a Romance language with several distinctive dialects that form a linguistic sub-group separate from Langue d'Oïl and Langue d'Oc. The name Franco-Provençal was given to the language by G.I. Ascoli in the 19th century because it shared features with French and Provençal without belonging to either. Although the name is well established, there is some dissatisfaction with it. The neologism Arpitan is becoming the most popular name for the language and the people who speak it.

Today, the largest number of Franco-Provençal speakers reside in the Aosta Valley Autonomous Region of Italy. The language also is spoken in alpine valleys in the Province of Turin, two isolated towns in the Province of Foggia, and rural areas of the Suisse-Romande region of Switzerland. It is classified as a regional language of France and constitutes one of the three great Romance languages of France although its use is relatively low. However, France is currently witnessing a revival in interest for regional languages. Organizations are attempting to preserve it through cultural events, education, scholarly research, and publishing.

The number of speakers has been declining significantly. According to UNESCO (1995), Franco-Provençal is a "potentially endangered language" in Italy and an "endangered language" in Switzerland and France.

• Words of Franco-Provençal origin that are found in English include:

avalanche, chalet, glacier, moraine, and névê.

Contents 1 History 2 Classification 3 Origin of the Language Name 4 Number of Speakers 5 Franco-Provençal Domain 5.1 France 5.2 Switzerland 5.3 Italy 6 Grammar 6.1 Overview 6.2 Phonetic Characteristics 6.3 Orthography 6.4 Word Comparisons 6.5 Numerals 7 Franco-Provençal Dialect List 8 Dialect Examples 9 Toponyms 9.1 France 9.2 Switzerland 9.3 Italy 10 Literature 11 Bibliography 12 See also 13 External links 13.1 Arpitan & ethnic sites 13.2 Dictionaries 13.3 Literature, language, & analysis 13.4 Institutional sites

[edit] History

Franco-Provençal emerged from a Gallo-Roman variety of neo-Latin. The linguistic region covers three-quarters of the territories controlled by the Allobroges, an ancient pre-Roman people. This area includes east-central France, the Suisse-Romande, and the Aosta Valley and adjacent alpine valleys in the Piedmont of Italy.

Early manuscripts reveal that Franco-Provençal has existed at least since the 12th century, possibly diverging from Langue d'Oïl as early as the 8th or 9th centuries (Bec, 1971). One writer has detected the influence of Basque by analyzing "fossil words" ("mots fossiles") from toponyms and the dialect language in the Aosta Valley (Krutwig, 1973, in: Henriet, 1997, p. 30). However, Franco-Provençal adhered conservatively to Latin linguistic conventions as it developed, primarily remaining a spoken language. The modern patois of its speakers continues to reflect medieval terms for many nouns and verbs, including: pâta for "rag", bayâ for "to give", moussâ for "to lie down", etc. Désormaux, writing on this subject in the foreword of his excellent Savoyard dictionary states:

"The antiquated character of the Savoyard patois is striking. One can note it not only in phonetics and morphology, but also in the vocabulary, where one finds numerous words and directions that clearly disappeared from French." (Constantin & Désormaux, 1982).

Franco-Provençal never achieved the greatness of its three larger neighbors; French, Occitan, and Italian. Communities where speakers lived were generally mountainous and isolated from one another. The internal boundaries of the entire linguistic domain were shattered by wars and religious conflicts. France, Switzerland, the Franche-Comté (protected by Spain), and the duchy - later kingdom - ruled by the House of Savoy divided the region politically. The strongest possibility for any dialect of Franco-Provençal to establish itself as a major language died when an edict, dated 6 January 1539, was confirmed in the parlement of the Duchy of Savoy on 4 March 1540. The edict explicitly replaced Latin (and by implication, any other language) with French as the language of civil law and the judiciary (Grillet, 1807, p. 65).

Franco-Provençal dialects were widely spoken in their domain until the 20th century. As French political power expanded, and communication and transportation improved, speakers abandoned their patois, which had numerous spoken variations and no standard orthography, in favor of the "educated" French.

Several events have combined to stabilize the language in the Aosta Valley Automous Region (Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta) of Italy during the last half-century. The economy of grew modestly from 1951 to 1991 enabling the population to increase. The language is protected by a 1979 statute that allowed decisions to made locally. It also has been incorporated into the school curriculum. Several cultural groups, libraries, and theater companies actively using the Valdôtain dialect have fostered a sense of ethnic pride (EUROPA, 2005). On the other hand, the alpine valleys of the Piedmont region have been losing speakers due to lack of jobs and migation.

Franco-Provençal has had a precipitous decline in France. The official language of the French Republic is French (article 2 of the Constitution of France). The French government officially acknowledges Franco-Provençal as one of the "Languages of France" (External link: DGLF ) but it is constitutionally barred from ratifying the 1992 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) that would guarantee it certain rights. Thus, Franco-Provençal has almost no political support. It also carries a generally low social status. This is the same situation that affects most regional languages that comprise the linguistic wealth of the nation. Speakers of regional dialects are aging and mostly rural.

[edit] Classification

An alternate classification for Franco-Provençal to the one produced by Ethnologue (Gordon, 2005) has been published by the highly respected Linguasphere Observatory (Dalby, 1999/2000, p. 402) as follows:

Indo-European phylosector > Romanic phylozone > Italiano+Româneasca (Romance) set > Italiano+Româneasca chain > Romance-West net > Lyonnais+Valdôtain (Franco-Provençal) reference name.

The Linguasphere language code for Franco-Provençal is: 51-AAA-j

A more traditional classification for Franco-Provençal by the Language Universals Project of Stanford University, Department of Linguistics (Ruhlen, 1987) also follows:

Indo-Hittite > Indo-European > Italic > Latino-Faliscan > Romance > Continental > Western > Gallo-Iberian-Romance > Gallo-Romance > North > Franco-Provençal.

[edit] Origin of the Language Name

The language region was first identified during advances in linguistics research during the 19th century. Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1829-1907), a pioneering linguist in dialect studies, analyzed the unique phonetic and structural characteristics of numerous spoken dialects. In an article written about 1873 and published later, he offered a solution to existing disagreements about dialect frontiers and proposed a new linguistic region. He placed it between the Langue d'Oïl group of languages, whence came the appellation Franco, and the Langue d'Oc group, whence came the appellation Provençal, and gave Franco-Provençal its name.

Ascoli (1878, p. 61) described the language in these terms in his defining essay on the subject:

« Chiamo franco-provenzale un tipo idiomatico, il quale insieme riunisce, con alcuni caratteri specifici, più altri caratteri, che parte son comuni al francese, parte lo sono al provenzale, e non proviene già da une confluenza di elementi diversi, ma bensì attesta sua propria indipendenza istorica, non guari dissimile da quella per cui fra di lora si distinguono gli altri principali tipi neo-latini. »

"I call Franco-Provençal a type of language which brings together, along with some characteristics which are its own, characteristics partly in common with French, and partly in common with Provencal, and which are not due to a late confluence of diverse elements, but on the contrary, attests to its own historical independence, little different from those by which the principal neo-Latin [Romance] languages distinguish themselves from one another."

Although the name Franco-Provençal is misleading, it continues to be used in most journals for the sake of continuity. Some contemporary speakers and writers prefer the name Arpitan because it underscores the independence of the language and does not imply a union to any other established linguistic group. Arpitan is derived from an indigenous word meaning "alpine." It was originally popularized by Mouvement Harpitanya, a political organization in the Aosta Valley. The name Romand is also used by some professional linguists who feel that the compound term Franco-Provençal is inappropriate (Dalby, 1999/2000, p. 402).

The language is called "patouès" (patois) or "nosta moda" ("our way of speaking") by native speakers. Some Savoyard speakers also call their language "sarde." This is a colloquial term, used because their ancestors were subjects of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the House of Savoy. (Savoie and Haute-Savoie were annexed by France in 1860.)

[edit] Number of Speakers

The Franco-Provençal dialect with the greatest population of active daily speakers is Valdôtain (Valdoten). Approximately 68,000 speak the language in the Valle d'Aosta region of Italy according to reports conducted after the 1981 census. The alpine valleys of the adjacent province of Turin have an estimated 22,000 speakers. The Faetar dialect is spoken by just 1,400 speakers who live in an isolated pocket of the province of Foggia in the southern Italian Apulia region (Figures for Italy: EUROPA, 2005.)

Various dialects are used by about 7,000 speakers in rural areas of the cantons of Geneva, Valais, Vaud, Neuchâtel, and Fribourg in Switzerland. However, they are primarily used as a second language. (Figures for Switzerland: Gordon, 2005.)

Until the mid-19th century, Franco-Provençal dialects were the most widely spoken language in their domain in France. Today, regional vernaculars are limited to a small number of speakers in secluded towns. A 2002 report by the INED (Institut national d’études démographiques) states that the language loss by generation, that is, “the proportion of fathers who did not usually speak to their 5-year-old children in the language that their own father usually spoke in to them at the same age” was 90%. This was a greater loss than any language in France; a loss called "critical." The report estimated that fewer than 15,000 speakers in France were handing down some knowledge of Franco-Provençal to their children. (Figures for France: Héran, Filhon, & Deprez, 2002; figure 1, 1-C, p. 2.)

[edit] Franco-Provençal Domain

The historical linguistic territory of Franco-Provençal includes the following areas (also see: Jochnowitz, 1973):

[edit] France

• the major part of Rhône-Alpes and Franche-Comté regions, which includes the following départements: Jura (southern 2/3), Doubs (southern 1/3), Haute-Savoie, Savoie, Isère (except the southern edge), Rhône, Drôme (extreme north), Ardèche (extreme north), Loire, Ain, and Saône-et-Loire (southern edge).

[edit] Switzerland

• most of Romandy (Suisse-Romande) area including the following cantons: Geneva (Genève/Genf), Vaud, the lower part of Valais (Wallis), Fribourg (Freiburg), and most of Neuchâtel. Note: Jura, the non-German-speaking parts of Berne, and the northmost corner of Neuchâtel linguistically belong to the Langues d'Oil.

[edit] Italy

• the Aosta Valley (place name in Franco-Provençal: Val d'Outa; in Italian: Valle d'Aosta; in French: Val d'Aoste), with the exception the Walser valley in Gressoney.
• the alpine heights of the Province of Turin in the Piedmont basin which includes the following 43 communities: Ala di Stura, Alpette, Balme, Cantoira (Cantoire), Carema (Carême), Castagnole Piemonte, Ceres, Ceresole Reale (Cérisoles), Chialamberto (Chalambert), Chianocco (Chanoux), Coassolo, Coazze (Couasse), Condove (condoue), Corio (Corio), Frassinetto, Germagnano (Saint-Germain), Giaglione (Jaillons), Giaveno, Gravere (Gravière), Groscavallo (Groscaval), Ingria, Lanzo Torinese (Lans), Lemie, Locana, Mattie, Meana di Susa (Méan), Mezzenile (Mesnil), Monastero di Lanzo (Moutier), Noasca, Novalesa (Novalaise), Pessinetto, Pont Canavese, Ribordone (Ribardon), Ronco Canavese (Ronc), Rubiana (Rubiane), Sparone (Esparon), Susa (Suse), Traves, Usseglio (Ussel), Valgioie (Valjoie), Valprato Soana (Valpré), Vénaus (Vénaux), Viù (Vieu).

Note: The southernmost valleys of Piedmont speak Occitan.

• two enclaves in the Province of Foggia, Apulia (Puglia) region: the villages of Faeto and Celle di San Vito (where Faetar dialect is spoken).

[edit] Grammar

Note: The grammar, syntax, morphology, and orthography in this section follow Stich (2003) and Martin (2005).

[edit] Overview

Franco-Provençal has grammar similar to that of other Romance languages.

• Unlike French and English which are predominantly analytic languages, Franco-Provençal is a basically synthetic language. (Occitan and Italian are moderately synthetic languages.) The verb has different endings for person, number, and tenses making the use of the pronoun unnecessary, however the third person singular form usually requires an appropriate pronoun for distinction.

• Articles have three forms: definite, indefinite, and partitive. The partitive article is similar to the indefinite article, but is used for mass nouns, as in French. Articles and determiners agree in gender with the noun they reference.

• Nouns are inflected by gender (masculine or feminine). Inflection by number (singular and plural) is clearly distinguished in feminine nouns, but not masculine nouns, where pronunciation is generally identical for those words ending with a vowel.

Note: To assist comprehension of written words, modern orthographers of the language have added an “s” to most plural nouns that is not reflected in speech. For example:

codo (masculine singular): [ˈkodo] [ˈkodu] [ˈkodə],

codos (masculine plural): [ˈkodo] [ˈkodu] [ˈkodə],

pôrta (feminine singular): [ˈpɔrtɑ] [ˈpurtɑ],

pôrtas (feminine plural): [ˈpɔrte] [ˈpurte] [ˈpɔrtɛ] [ˈpurtɛ] [ˈpɔrtɑ] [ˈpurtɑ].

• Pronouns agree in person, number, gender, and case. Although the subject pronoun is usually retained in speech, Franco-Provençal - unlike French or English - is a partially pro-drop language (null subject language), especially in first-person singular. Masculine and feminine third-person singular pronouns are notable for the extremely wide variation in pronunciation from region to region. Impersonal verbs for weather and time take the neuter pronouns "o", or "el" (a regional variant used before a word beginning with a vowel), which is analogous to "it" in English.

• Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.

• Adverbs are invariable; that is, they are not inflected, unlike nouns, verbs, and adjectives.

• Verbs form three grammatical conjugation classes, two of which are further split into subclasses. Each conjugation is different, formed by isolating the verb stem and adding an ending determined by mood, tense, voice, and number. Verbs are inflected in four moods: (indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and conditional), and two impersonal moods: (infinitive and participle), which includes verbal adjectives.

[edit] Phonetic Characteristics

• The placement of stressed syllables in the spoken language is a primary characteristic of Franco-Provençal that distinguishes it from French and Occitan. Franco-Provençal words take stress on the last syllable, as in French, or on the penultimate syllable, unlike French. Franco-Provençal also preserves certain final vowel sounds, in particular "a" in feminine forms and "o" in masculine forms (where it is pronounced "ou" in some regions.) The word portar is pronounced [pɔrˈtɑ] or [pɔrˈto], with accent on the final "a" or "o", but rousa is pronounced [ˈru:zɑ], with accent on the "ou".

• Vowels followed by nasal consonants "m" and "n" are normally nasalized in a similar manner to those in French, for example, chantar and vin in Franco-Provençal, and "chanter" and "vin" in French. However, in the largest part of the Franco-Provençal domain, nasalized vowels retain a timbre that more closely approaches the un-nazalized vowel sound than in French, for example, pan [pɑ̃] and vent [vɛ̃] in Franco-Provençal, compared to "pain" [pɛ̃] and "vent" [vɑ̃] in French.

[edit] Orthography

Franco-Provençal does not have a standard orthography. Most proposals follow French, which uses the Latin alphabet, plus five diacritics: the acute accent, grave accent, circumflex, diaeresis (trema), and cedilla; however, the ligature "œ" found in French is omitted.

Aimé Chenal and Raymond Vatherin wrote the first complete grammar and dictionary for any variety of Franco-Provençal based on the Valdôtain (Valdoten) dialect. It was published by Musumeci in 1984.

A recent standard entitled Orthographe de référence B (ORB) was proposed by linguist Dominique Stich with her dictionary by Editions Le Carré (2003). This is an emendation of her previous work published by Editions l'Harmattan (1998). The standard strays from close representation of Franco-Provençal phonology in favor of following French orthographic conventions, with silent letters and clear vestiges of Latin roots. However, it attempts to unify several written forms.

[edit] Word Comparisons

The chart below compares words in Franco-Provençal to those in selected Romance languages, with English for reference.

Between vowels, the Latinate "p" became "v", "c" and "g" became "y", and "t" and "d" disappeared. Franco-Provençal also softened the hard palatized "c" and "g" before "a". This led Franco-Provençal to evolve down a different path from Occitan and Gallo-Iberian languages, closer to the evolutionary direction taken by French.

Latin	Franco-Provençal	French	Occitan	Italian	English
clavis	clâ	clef / clé	clau	chiave	key
cantare	chantar	chanter	cantar	cantare	to sing
capra	cabra / chiévra	chèvre	cabra	capra	goat
lingua	lenga	langue	lenga / lengua	lingua	language
nox, noctis	nuet	nuit	nuèit / nuèch	notte	night
sapo, saponis	savon	savon	sabon	sapone	soap
sudor	suar	suer	susar	sudore	sweat
vita	via	vie	vida	vita	life
pacare	payer	payer	pagar	pagare	to pay
platea	place	place	plaça	piazza	plaza
ecclesia	églésé	église	glèisa	chiesa	church
caseus (formaticus)	tôma / fromâjo	fromage	formatge	formaggio	cheese

[edit] Numerals

Franco-Provençal uses a decimal counting system, like Occitan, Italian, and English. However, western dialects use a vigesimal (base-20) form for the word "eighty," that is, quatro-vingt /katroˈvɛ̃/, due to the influence of French.

The standard words for the numbers "sixty," "seventy," "eighty," "ninety" are: souessanta /su.asˈsɑ̃tɑ/ /su.esˈsɑ̃tɑ/, sèptanta /sɛˈtɑ̃tɑ/, huitanta /vwiˈtɑ̃tɑ/, nonanta /noˈnɑ̃tɑ/; and for "sixteen" is: sèze /ˈsɛ.zə/.

[edit] Franco-Provençal Dialect List

Classification of Franco-Provençal dialect divisions is challenging despite regional similarities. Each canton and valley uses its own vernacular without standardization. Difficult intelligibility among dialects was noted as early as 1807 by Grillet.

France Bressan Burgondan Dauphinois Forèzien Jurassien Lyonnais Savorêt Savoyard

Switzerland Genevois Fribourgeois Neuchâtelois Valaisan Vaudois

Italy Faetar (Faitare) Valdôtain (Valdoten)

Transitional Dialects (France) Charolais (Franco-Provençal → Langue d'Oïl) Mâconnais (Franco-Provençal → Langue d'Oïl)

[edit] Dialect Examples

Several modern orthographic variations exist for all dialects of Franco-Provençal. The spellings listed below appear in Martin (2005), as do the IPA equivalents (from French) for the Savoyard and Bressan dialects that are listed in the last two columns.

English	Franco-Provençal	Savoyard dialect	Bressan dialect
Hello!	Bonjor !	/bɔ̃ˈʒu/	/bɔ̃ˈʒø/
Good night!	Bôna nuet !	/bunɑˈne/	/bunɑˈnɑ/
Goodbye!	A revêr !	/arˈvi/	/a.rɛˈvɑ/
Yes	Ouè	/ˈwɛ/	/ˈwɛ/
No	Nan	/ˈnɑ/	/ˈnɔ̃/
Maybe	T-èpêr / Pôt-étre	/tɛˈpɛ/	/pɛˈtetrə/
Please	S'el vos plét	/sivoˈple/	/sevoˈplɛ/
Thank you!	Grant marci !	/grɑ̃maˈsi/	/grɑ̃marˈsi/
A man	On homo	/on ˈomo/	/in ˈumu/
A woman	Na fena	/nɑ ˈfɛnɑ/	/nɑ ˈfɛnɑ/
The clock	Lo relojo	/lo rɛˈloʒo/	/lo rɛˈlodʒu/
The clocks	Los relojos	/lu rɛˈloʒo/	/lu rɛˈlodʒu/
The rose	La rousa	/lɑ ˈruzɑ/	/lɑ ˈruzɑ/
The roses	Les rouses	/lɛ ˈruzɛ/	/lɛ ˈruze/
He is eating.	Il menge.	/il ˈmɛ̃ʒɛ/	/il ˈmɛ̃ʒɛ/
She is singing.	Le chante.	/lə ˈʃɑ̃tɛ/	/ɛl ˈʃɑ̃tɛ/
It is raining.	O pluvinye.	/o ploˈvɛɲə/
It is raining.	O brolyasse.		/u brulˈjasə/
What time is it?	Quint' hora est ?	/kɛ̃t ˈørɑ ˈjɛ/
What time is it?	Quâl' hora qu'el est ?		/tjel ˈoʒɑ ˈjə/
It is 6:30.	El est siéx hores et demi.	/ˈjɛ siz ˈørɑ e dɛˈmi/
It is 6:30.	El est siéx hores demi.		/ˈɛjɛ siʒ ˈoʒə dɛˈmi/
What is your name?	Tè que vos éds niom ?	/ˈtɛk voz i ˈɲɔ̃/
What is your name?	Coment que vos vos apelâds ?		/kɛmˈe kɛ ˈvu vu apaˈlo/
I am happy to see you.	Je su bonéso de vos vér.	/ʒə sɛ buˈnezə də vo vi/
I am happy to see you.	Je su content de vos vére.		/ʒɛ si kɔ̃ˈtɛ də vu vɑ/
Do you speak Patois?	Prègiéds-vos patouès ?	/prɛˈʒi vo patuˈe/
Do you speak Patois?	Côsâds-vos patouès ?		/koˈʒo vu patuˈɑ/

External links:

Atlas linguistique parlant d'une région alpine: entre francoprovençal et occitan - A multimedia website from Université Stendhal-Grenoble 3 with audio-clips of over 700 words and expressions by native speakers grouped in 15 themes by village. The linguistic atlas demonstrates the transition from Franco-Provençal phonology in the north to Occitan phonology in the south.

L'Atlas linguistique audiovisuel du Valais romand (ALAVAL) - A multimedia website from Université de Neuchâtel with audio and video clips of Franco-Provençal speakers from the canton of Valais, Switzerland.

[edit] Toponyms

Other than people's last names, the Franco-Provençal legacy primarily survives in place names. Many are immediately recognizable, ending in -az, -oz (-otz), -uz, -ax, -ex, -ux, -oux, and -ieux (-ieu). These suffixes indicate the stress syllables based on a historical orthographic system considered obsolete by modern scholars. The last letter is not pronounced. For multi-syllabic names, “z” indicates stress on the second-to-last syllable, and “x” indicates stress on the last syllable, for example, Chanaz: /ˈʃɑ.nɑ/ ( shana ); Chênex: /ʃɛˈne/ ( shèné ). Examples:

[edit] France

• Ain: Outriaz, Lompnaz, Seillonnaz, Ordonnaz, Contrevoz, Culoz, Marboz, Niévroz, Oyonnax, Sonthonnax-la-Montagne, Gex, Echenevex, Perrex, Chevroux, Lescheroux, Jujurieux, Civrieux, Miserieux, Toussieux, Ceyzerieu, Lagnieu, Lompnieu, Pugieu.
• Doubs: Saraz, Éternoz, Bolandoz, La Cluse-et-Mijoux, Montmahoux.
• Jura: Saffloz, Vertamboz, Morez, Lajoux, Le Vaudioux.
• Savoie: Chanaz, Sonnaz, Motz, Lovettaz, Séez, La Motte-Servolex, Ontex, Verthemex, Avrieux, Champagneux, Chindrieux, Ruffieux.
• Haute-Savoie: La Clusaz, Viuz-en-Sallaz, Marcellaz, Aviernoz, Chevenoz, Charvonnex, Chênex, Seytroux, Combloux.
• Rhône: Jarnioux, Ouroux, Rillieux-la-Pape, Grézieu-la-Varenne, Vénissieux, Meyzieu.
• Loire: La Tour-en-Jarez, Razoux, Chénieux, Écullieux, Aveizieux.
• Isère: Vernioz, Proveysieux, Ornacieux, Brussieu, Courzieu, Monsteroux-Milieu.

[edit] Switzerland

• Geneva: Athénaz, Bernex, Choulex, Onex, Laconnex, Saconnex, Troinex, Certoux.
• Fribourg: La Brillaz, La Sonnaz, Chesopelloz, Neyruz, Pont-en-Ogoz.
• Neuchâtel: Val-de-Ruz, Brot-Plamboz, Le Prevoux, Mutrux.
• Valais: Arbaz, Dorenaz, Nendaz, Verossaz, Mazembroz, Vetroz, Nax, Bex, Mex, Vex, Massongex.
• Vaud: Saubraz, Cerniaz, Penthaz, Tolochenaz, Cheserex, Trelex, Paudex.

[edit] Italy

• Aosta Valley: Bionaz, Runaz, Lillaz, Cherolinaz, Dzovennoz, Echevennoz, Morgex, Planpincieux, Sauze d'Oulx.

[edit] Literature

A long tradition of Franco-Provençal literature exists although a prevailing form of written language did not materialize. An early 12th century fragment containing 105 verses from a poem about Alexander the Great may be the earliest known work. "Girart de Roussillon", an epic with 10,002 lines from the mid-12th century, has been asserted to be Franco-Provençal. It certainly contains prominent Franco-Provençal features, although the editor of an authoritative edition this work claims that the language is a mixture of French and Occitan forms (Price, 1998). A significant document from the same period containing a list of vassals in the comté of Forez also is not without literary value.

Among the first historical writings in the language are legal texts by civil law notaries that appeared in the 13th century as Latin was being abandoned for official administration. These include a translation of the Corpus Juris Civilis (known as the Justinian Code) in the vernacular spoken in Grenoble. Religious works also were translated and conceived in Franco-Provençal dialects at some monasteries in the region. "The Legend of Saint Bartholomew" is one such work that survives in Lyonnais patois from the 13th century. Marguerite d'Oingt (ca. 1240–1310), a Carthusian prioress, composed two long sacred texts in Lyonnais dialect that are especially noteworthy. An excerpt from "The Life of the Virgin Saint Beatrix of Ornacieux" in her own words follows:

§ 112 : « Quant vit co li diz vicayros que ay o coventavet fayre, ce alyet cela part et en ot mout de dongiers et de travayl, ancis que cil qui gardont lo lua d'Emuet li volissant layssyer co que il demandavet et que li evesques de Valenci o volit commandar. Totes veys yses com Deus o aveyt ordonat oy se fit. »

Religious conflicts in Geneva between Calvinist Reformers and staunch Catholics, supported by the Duchy of Savoy, brought forth many texts in Franco-Provençal during the early 17th century. One of the best known was "Cé qu'é lainô" ("The One Above"), which was composed by an unknown writer in 1603. The long narrative poem describes a raid by the Savoyard army that generated patriotic sentiments. It became the unofficial national anthem of the Republic of Geneva. The first three verses follow (in Genevois dialect) with a translation:

Cé qu'è lainô, le Maitre dé bataille, Que se moqué et se ri dé canaille; A bin fai vi, pè on desande nai, Qu'il étivé patron dé Genevoi.	The One above, the Master of the battles, Who is mocked and laughed at by the rabble, Made them see well, on a Saturday night, That He was protector of the Genevese people.
I son vegnu le doze de dessanbro Pè onna nai asse naire que d'ancro; Y étivé l'an mil si san et dou, Qu'i veniron parla ou pou troi tou.	They came on the twelfth of December, On a night as black as ink; It was the year sixteen-hundred-and-two, That they speak of, at the earliest (hour).
Pè onna nai qu'étive la pe naire I veniron; y n'étai pas pè bairè; Y étivé pè pilli nou maison, Et no tüa sans aucuna raison.	On the blackest night They came - it was not for drinking - To plunder our houses, And to kill us without any reason.

Several writers created satirical, moralistic, poetic,comic, and theatrical texts during the era that followed, which indicates the vitality of the language at that time. These include: Bernardin Uchard (1575–1624), author and playwright from Bresse; Henri Perrin, comic playwright from Lyon; Jean Millet (1600?–1675), author of pastorals, poems, and comedies from Grenoble; Jacques Brossard de Montaney (1638–1702), composer of carols and comedies from Bresse; Jean Chapelon (1647–1694), a writer who produced of over 1,500 carols, songs, epistles, and essays from Saint-Étienne; and François Blanc dit la Goutte (1690–1742), writer of prose poems, including "Grenoblo maléirou" about the great flood in Grenoble in 1733. Nineteenth century writers include Guillaume Roquille (1804–1860), working-class poet from Rive-de-Gier near Saint-Chamond, and Joseph Béard (1805–1872) of Rumilly. Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne (1826–1910), abbot, is credited with reestablishing the cultural identity of the Valle d'Aosta with his poetry (including "L'infan predeggo", 1855) and early scholarly studies. (The Concours Cerlogne - an annual event named in his honor - has focused thousands of Italian students on preserving the region's language, literature, and heritage since 1963.) Amélie Gex (1835, La Chapelle-Blanche, (Savoie)–1883, Chambéry), the great Savoyard poet wrote in her native patois, as well as French. She was a passionate advocate for her language. Her literary efforts encompassed lyrical themes, work, love, tragic loss, nature, the passing of time, religion, and politics, and are considered by many to be the most significant contributions to the literature. Her works include: "Reclans de Savoie" (Les Echos de Savoie, 1879), "Lo Cent Ditons de Pierre d’Emo" (Les Cent dictons de Pierre du bon sens, 1879), "Fables" (1898), and "Contio de la Bova" (Les Contes de l’Etable, -date?-). Some of her writings, in French, are still in print.

At the end of the 19th century, regional dialects of Franco-Provençal were disappearing due to the expansion of the French language into all walks of life and the emigration of rural people to urban centers. Cultural and regional savant societies began to collect oral folk tales, proverbs, and legends from native speakers in an effort that continues to today. Numerous works have been published. An excerpt from "Le renâ à Dâvid Ronnet" ("David Ronnet's Fox") from “Le Patois Neuchâtelois” (Favre, 1894, p. 196) appears below (in Neuchâtelois dialect):

« Aë-vo jamai ohyi contâ l'istoire du renâ que Dâvid Ronnet a tioua dé s'n otau, à Bouidry ? Vo peuté la craëre, è l'é la pura veurtâ.

Dâvid Ronnet êtaë én' écofi, on pou couédet, qu'anmâve grô lé dzeneuillè; el é d-avaë mé d'èna dozân-na, avoué on poui que tsantâve dé viadze à la miné, mâ adé à la lévaye du solet. Quaë subiet de la métsance! mé z-ami ! E réveillive to l'otau, to lo vesenau; nion ne povaë restâ u llie quan le poui à Dâvid se boétàve à rélâ. Ç'tu poui étaë s'n orgoû.

Le gran mataë, devan de s'assetâ su sa sulta por tapa son coëur & teri le l'nieu, l'écofi lévâve la tsatire du dzeneuilli por bouèta feur sé dzeneuillé & lé vaër cor dè le néveau. E tsampâve à sé bêté dé gran-nè, de la queurtse, du pan goma dè du lassé, dé cartofiè coûtè, & s'amouésâve à lé vaër medzi, se roba lé pieu bé bocon, s'énoussa por pieu vite s'épyi le dzaifre. (...) »

"Have you ever heard (anyone) tell the story of the fox that David Ronnet killed at his house in Boudry? You can believe it; it’s the absolute truth.

David Ronnet was a cobbler, a bit hardworking, who liked chickens a lot; he had more than a dozen, with a rooster that crowed sometimes to midnight, but always at sunrise. What a racket, my friends! It woke the whole house, the whole neighborhood; no one could stay in bed when David’s rooster began screeching. This rooster was his pride.

Early in the morning, before sitting at his stool to beat his leather & draw out the wooden soles, the cobbler raised the door flap of the henhouse to put his chickens outside & to see them run on the porch. He threw his fowl some seeds, bran, bread soaked in milk, cooked potatoes, & enjoyed watching them eat, taking the biggest mouthfuls, enthusiastically (and) quickly fill their stomachs. (...)"

Prosper Convert (1852–1934), the bard of Bresse; Louis Mercier (1870–1951), folksinger and author of more than twelve volumes of prose from Coutouvre near Roanne; Just Songeon (1880–1940), author, poet, and activist from La Combe, Sillingy near Annecy; Eugénie Martinet (1896–1968), poet from Aosta; and Joseph Yerly (1896–1961) of Gruyères whose complete works were published in "Kan la téra tsantè" ("When the earth sang"), are well-known for their use of patois in the 20th century. Those with an interest in seeing a familiar work in this rare language, may want to seek out "Lo Petsou Prince", an authorized edition of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's classic work "Le Petit Prince" ("The Little Prince") by Raymond Vatherin (translator), (Gressan, Aosta: Wesak Editions, 2000), ISBN 88-87719-00-4. The opening lines of part 2 of the tale follow (in Valdôtain dialect):

« L’y est chouë s-an, dz’ëro restà arrëto pe lo déser ci Sahara. Quaque tsousa se s’ëre rontu dedin lo moteur de mon avion. Et di moman que dz’ayò avouë mè mecanichen, ni passadzë, dze m’apprestavo de tenté, solet, euna reparachon defecila. L’ëre pe mè euna questson de via o de mor. Dz’ayò dzeusto praou d’éve aprë p’euna vouètèina de dzor.

La premiëre nët dze me si donque indrumi dessu la sabla a pi de meulle vouet cent et cinquante dou kilométre d’un bocon de terra abitàye. Dz’ëro bien pi isolà d’un nofragà dessu euna plata-fourma i menten de l’ocean. Donque imaginade mina surprèisa, a la pouinte di dzò, quan euna drola de petsouda voéce m’at revèillà. I dijet:

-- Pe plèisi ... féi-mè lo dessin d’un maouton tseque ! »

"So I lived by myself, until I had a mechanical failure in the Sahara. Something had broken in the engine of my airplane. And since I had neither a mechanic nor passengers with me, I prepared to try the difficult repair job alone. It was, for me, a matter of life or death. I had only enough drinking water for eight days.

The first night, then, I went to sleep on the sand a thousand miles from any inhabited land. I was more isolated than a person shipwrecked on a raft in the middle of the ocean. So you can imagine my surprise when, at dawn, a funny little voice awakened me. It said:

-- "Please ... draw me a sheep!"

The first comic book in Franco-Provençal (Savoyard dialect), "Le rebloshon que tyouè !" ("The cheese that kills!"), in the Fanfoué des Pnottas series, illustrated by Félix Meynet, with text by Pascal Roman, was published in 2000 by Editions des Pnottas, ISBN 2-940171-14-9. A popular work from The Adventures of Tintin originally written and illustrated by Hergé (Georges Remi), has been translated into the Bressan dialect of Franco-Provençal by Manuel and Josine Meune. Entitled "Lé Pèguelyon de la Castafiore" ("The Castafiore Emerald"), it was published in 2006 by Casterman Editions, ISBN 2-203009-30-6. Another work from the Tintin series, "L'Afére Pecârd" ("The Calculus Affair"), will be released in translation in 2007.

[edit] Bibliography

[edit] See also

• Arpitania
• Languages of France
• Languages of Switzerland
• Languages of Italy

[edit] External links

Language: (EN) English, (FP) Franco-Provençal, (FR) French, (IT) Italian.

[edit] Arpitan & ethnic sites

• Arpitania.ch Arpitania interregional multimedia site. Aliance culturèla arpitana, Lausanne (Switzerland). (FR) (FP) (EN)
• Arpitania.ch Forum Arpitan message boards. Aliance culturèla arpitana, Lausanne (Switzerland). (FR) (FP)
• Francoprovenzale.it EFFEPI: Association of the Franco-Provençal Minority in Piedmont, Ronco Canavese (Italy). (IT) (FR) (FP)
• Liga de la Savouè (La Ligue savoisienne) Savoy League, Annecy-le-Vieux, Haute-Savoie (France). A political outreach group. Site has general information about history and culture of Savoy, including 15 lessons in Savoyard dialect of Franco-Provençal. (EN) (FP) (FR) (IT)
• Esprit Valdôtain : Notre pays Association for the promotion of Valdôtain identity, Aosta (Italy). (FR)
• Arpitanie Ouest: Comité de liaison de l'ouest francoprovençal Blog about Franco-Provençal topics. (FR)
• Lyoba.ch: Rencontre du patois Articles in Fribourgeois (Gruyèrienne) dialect, general topics, and message board. (FP) (FR)
• Association "Les Amis du francoprovençal en Pays lyonnais" : Nontra lingua Publisher of Lo Creuseu, Yzeron, Rhône (France). Links to quarterly publications since April 2003 appear at bottom of page. (FR) (FP)

[edit] Dictionaries

• Liga de la Savouè: Lexique Two good dictionaries, French/Francoprovençal and Francoprovençal/French based on the standard ORA of Dominique Stich, in zip files containing MS Word docs.
• Parler Lyon Lyonnais dialect/French dictionary.
• Le nouveau Lexique Dauphinois Northern Dauphinois dialect/French dictionary.
• Dictionnaire Freelang: Arpitan Savoyard-Français Savoyard dialect/French dictionary.
• Topio.ch: Un petit lexique Vaudois Vaudois dialect/French glossary.
• Patois Vivant Language and traditions of Forez.
• Lexilogos Project Babel: Dictionnaire bressan francoprovençal French/Bressan dialect dictionary.
• Dialettando.com Italian to Italian dialects, including Franco-Provençal of Valle d’Aosta, dictionary and proverbs.
• Henry Suter: Termes régionaux de Suisse romande et de Savoie Suisse-Romande and Savoyard/French dictionary.
• Henry Suter: Noms de lieux de Suisse romande, Savoie et environs Etymology of place names. (FR)

[edit] Literature, language, & analysis

• La Littérature Savoyarde du Moyen-Age au début du XVIIIe siècle, Three articles on Savoyard literature. (FR)
• Assemblée des Pays de Savoie: Patrimoine et littérature Heritage and literature of Savoy. (FR)
• Région autonome Vallée d’Aoste: La littérature orale Proverbs, songs, and legends in Valdôtain dialect. (FR) (FP)
• Toutes les littératures des pays de l’Ain Historical & contemporary authors of Ain; includes Franco-Provençal writers. (FR)
• Le Musée de la Maison de Barberine: Patois/Etymologie Musée Vallorcin, Vallorcine, Haute-Savoie (France). Articles in Savoyard (Chamoniard) dialect and on ethnographic topics. (FP) (FR)
• Parlanne Faitare! Lessons and topics on Faetar dialect, University of New Hampshire (U.S.A.). (FP) (EN)
• Giuseppe Zoppelli: Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne CUNY, Brooklyn (U.S.A.). Article about Cerlogne with his poetry. (EN) (FP)
• René Merle: Aire du francoprovençal (18e, 19e siècles) Summaries of 17 works by René Merle about Franco-Provençal language. (FR)
• René Merle: Études comparatives Summaries of 8 comparative studies by René Merle on Franco-Provençal. (FR)
• Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Romania Minor: Biblio francoprovençal Complutensian University of Madrid (Spain). 'Romania Minor' (European minor languages project), a comprehensive Franco-Provençal bibliography.
• Toplum Postasi: Franco-Provençal, Regional Languages need rights and recognition Article dated 3 August 2006. (EN)

[edit] Institutional sites

• Université de Neuchâtel, Centre de dialectologie et d'étude du français régional University of Neuchâtel (Switzerland) study program: French dialect & Franco-Provençal languages. Extensive information via keyword search on: "francoprovençal". (FR)
• Centre d’Études francoprovençales “René Willien” (CEFP) Center for Franco-Provençal Studies, Saint-Nicolas, Aosta (Italy). (FR) (IT)
• Le BREL un éventail de ressources BREL: Regional Bureau of Ethnology and Linguistics (Italy). Article by the director. (FR)
• Archives des parlers patois de la Suisse Romande et des régions voisines Radio Suisse Romande (RSR) sound archive of more than 1,500 radio broadcasts from 1952 to 1992 in Franco-Provençal, most with full texts. (FR) (FP)
• UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe, compiled by Tapani Salminen. Last update: 31 December 1995. (EN)
• Mercator-Media: Italy University of Wales, Aberystwyth (UK). Publishing report, minority languages in Italy; Francoprovençal. (EN)
• Mercator-Legislation: Linguistic Rights and Legislation CIEMEN, Barcelona (Spain). Go to: General Information about Languages > (by language) Francoprovençal. (EN)