Francisco de Miranda
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| Francisco de Miranda | |
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| March 28, 1750 – July 14, 1816 | |
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| Place of birth | Caracas, Venezuela |
| Place of death | Cádiz, Spain |
| Rank | Generalissimo |
Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez (commonly known as Francisco de Miranda March 28, 1750 – July 14, 1816) was a Venezuelan revolutionary whose own plan for the independence of the Spanish American colonies failed, but who is regarded as a forerunner of Simón Bolívar and one of the most effective American fighters for independence.
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[edit] Early life
Born and raised in Caracas, Miranda was the son of a wealthy merchant from the Canary Islands, a region of Spain. He traveled throughout Europe, becoming a social sensation and garnering support for the independence of Spanish America. He had made friends with many important leaders and political figures throughout Europe, such as British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger, and Catherine the Great of Russia with whom supposedly he had an affair (most historians do not give much credence to the affair story).
As a general in the Spanish Army, Miranda took part in military operations on four continents – Africa, Europe, and North and South America – and played an important role in some of the great historical events of the time.
[edit] United States and France
In the American Revolutionary War, he commanded Spanish troops aiding American insurgents in Florida and Mississippi. While in the United States, he met with, among others, George Washington, Thomas Paine, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. He had a home in London where he married a British lady and had two children.
From 1791, Miranda took active part in the French Revolution. In Paris, he befriended the Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot and Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, and briefly served as a general in the section of the French Revolutionary Army commanded by Charles François Dumouriez, fighting in the 1792 campaign in the Low Countries.
Arrested several times during the Reign of Terror, Miranda was threatened with deportation after the new crackdown of the Directory on Royalists and Girondists. His name remains engraved on the Arc de Triomphe that was built during the First Empire.
[edit] South America
His greatest contribution was probably in the independence struggle for the liberation of the colonies in Spanish America. Miranda envisioned an independent empire consisting of all the territories which had been under Spanish and Portuguese rule, stretching from the Mississippi River to Cape Horn. The empire would be under the leadership of a hereditary emperor called "Inca" to appease the Native Americans and would have a bicameral legislature. He conceived the name "Colombia" for this empire, after the explorer Christopher Columbus.
With British help, Miranda made an invasion attempt of Venezuela in 1806. He landed at the port of La Vela de Coro, where the tricolour Venezuelan flag was raised for the first time. Among the volunteers who served under him in this revolt was David G. Burnet of the United States, who would later serve as interim president of the Republic of Texas after its secession from Mexico in 1836.
After Venezuela achieved de facto independence on April 19, 1810, Simón Bolívar persuaded Miranda to return to his native land, where he was made a general in the revolutionary army. When the country formally declared independence on July 5, 1811, he assumed dictatorial powers.
The Spanish forces counterattacked (see Venezuelan War of Independence), and Miranda, fearing a brutal and hopeless defeat, signed an armistice with them in July 1812. Bolivar and other revolutionaries believed his surrender was treason and thwarted Miranda's attempt to escape; they handed him over to the Spanish Royal Army. He died in a prison in Cádiz, Spain, in 1816. An oil painting by the Venezuelan artist Arturo Michelena titled Miranda en la Carraca (1896) that portrays the hero in the Spanish jail where he died has become a graphic symbol of Venezuelan history and has immortalized the image of Miranda for generations of Venezuelans.
[edit] Quotes
Daniel Florencio O'Leary, aide-de-camp to Simón Bolívar, said of Miranda's death:
- "Miranda was a man of the eighteenth century whose genius lay in raising the consciousness and confidence of his fellow Americans. Although he prided himself on being a soldier, his greatest battles were fought with his pen".
[edit] References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. It cites the following references:
- History of Miranda's Attempt in South America, Biggs, (London, 1809)
- El General Miranda, Marqués de Rojas, (Paris, 1884)
- Miranda dans la révolution française, Marqués de Rojas, (Carácas, 1889)
- Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionizing of Spanish America, W. S. Robertson, (Washington, 1909)
[edit] External links
- History Text Archive: Francisco de Miranda
- Another statue: by Lorenzo Gonzalez (1977) in Philadelphia
Categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica | South American wars of independence people | Venezuelan people | Venezuelan politicians | History of Venezuela | Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars | Spanish people of the American Revolution | Spanish generals | Vexillographers | 1750 births | 1816 deaths | Central University of Venezuela alumni
