Foundation Stone

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Foundation Stone (Hebrew: אבן השתייה, translit. Even haShetiya) or Rock (Arabic: translit. Sakhrah, Hebrew: translit.: Sela) is the name of the rock at the heart of the Dome of the Rock. It is also known as the Pierced Stone due to it having a small hole on the south eastern corner that enters a cavern beneath the rock, known as the Well of Souls.

Contents 1 Location 2 Dimensions 3 Jewish significance 3.1 Role in the Temple 3.2 Commemoration in Jewish law 3.3 Liturgical references 4 Muslim significance 5 References

[edit] Location

The rock is located towards the centre of the Temple Mount, an artificial platform built by Herod the Great on top of vaults over a hill, generally believed to be Mount Moriah. The Rock constitutes the peak of this now hidden hill, which is also the highest in old Jerusalem ^{[citation needed]}, and hence the Rock is the highest point of the Old City

There is some controversy among secular scholars about equating Mount Moriah, the Temple Mount and the Foundation Stone as the location where events occurred according to the Biblical narrative; but for Orthodox Jews at least, there is no doubt that all these events occurred in this area.

Early Jewish writings assist in confirming that the Dome of the Rock is the site of the Holy of Holies and therefore the location of the Foundation Stone. Pirkei d’Rebbi Eliezer ^[1], a midrashic narrative of the more important events of the Pentateuch believed to have been complied after 700, writes: “Rabbi Yishmael said: In the future, the sons of Ishmael (the Arabs) will do fifteen things in the Land of Israel … They will fence in the breaches of the walls of the Temple and construct a building on the site of the sanctuary”.

Religious Jewish scholars discuss the precise location of the rock. The Radbaz is convinced that “under the dome on the Temple Mount, which the Arabs call El-Sakhrah, with out a doubt is the location of the Foundation Stone”. ^[2] The Travels of Rabbi Petachiah of Ratisbon ^[3] , c.1180, The Travels of Benjamin of Tudela ^[4] and The Travels of the Student of the Ramban all equally state that "on the Temple Mount stands a beautiful sanctuary which an Arab king built long ago, over the place of the Temple sanctuary and courtyard”. Rabbi Obadiah ben Abraham who wrote a letter from Jerusalem in 1488 says that “I sought the place of the Foundation Stone where the Ark of the Covenant was placed, and many people told me it is under a tall and beautiful dome which the Arabs built in the Temple precinct".^[5]

However, others disagree citing that if the Southern Wall of the Temple Mount is in fact the one which existed when the Temple was standing, the measurements given in the Talmud do not reconcile ^[6]. The Holy of Holies ends up being too far north and they therefore locate the Foundation Stone as being directly opposite the current exposed section of the Western Wall, where no building currently stands. This is the view of the Arizal ^[7] and the Maharsha ^[8] who states that the prophesy of “Zion will become a ploughed field” indicates that no dwelling will be established there until the time of the redemption. It therefore follows that the area of the Temple courtyard and Holy of Holies is situated in the unbuilt area between the Dome of the Rock and the Al Aqsa Mosque[1].

Some find it difficult to believe that non-Jews could effectively build a place of worship on the spot of the Holy of Holies. They claim that the tradition that the rock under the dome is the Foundation Stone is only attested to by the fact that the Arabs hold it so sacred. Therefore Jews have no clear tradition or proof of their own confirming the uniqueness of the rock ^[9]. The Zohar ^[10] however, recounts that Rav Zeira saw Rabbi Elazar crying and heard him sighing "holy stone, holy stone…in the future the nations will defile you by placing dead bodies on top of you, sullying the holy place”. It was apparently a local Muslim custom at the turn of the 20th century to place dead bodies on the rock before burial ^{[citation needed]}.

A further opinion believes the position is north of the Dome of the Rock, opposite the Gate of Mercy, which Rabbi Emmanuel Chai Reiki ^[11] identifies as the Shushan Gate mentioned in the Talmud. This gate was described as being opposite the opening of the sanctuary [2].

Modern Jewish academics list four possible locations of the Foundation Stone [3]:

1. The stone is located beneath the Ark of the Covenant under the Dome of the Rock [4].
2. The stone is located beneath the Altar under the Dome of the Rock [5].
3. The stone is located beneath the Ark of the Covenant near El Kas fountain to the south of the Dome of the Rock [6].
4. The stone is located beneath the Ark of the Covenant inside the Ghost Dome situated to the north of the Dome of the Rock [7].

[edit] Dimensions

Although the rock is part of the surrounding bedrock, the southern side forms a ledge, with a gap between it and the surrounding ground; a set of steps currently uses this gap to provide access from the Dome of the Rock to the Well of Souls beneath it.

The rock has several human-made cuts in its surface; these are generally attributed to the Crusaders, whose frequent damage to the rock was so severe that the Christian kings of Jerusalem finally put a marble slab over the rock to protect it (the marble slab was later removed by Saladin). More recently, there has been speculation that several man-made features of the rock's surface may substantially predate the Crusaders. Leen Ritmeyer noticed that there are sections of the rock cut completely flat, which north-to-south have a width of 6 cubits, precisely the width that the Mishnah credits to the wall of the Holy of Holies, and hence Ritmeyer proposed that these flat sections constitute foundation trenches on top of which the walls of the original temple were laid. However, according to Josephus there were 31 steps up to the Holy of Holies from the lower level of the Temple Mount, and the Mishnah identifies 29 steps in total, and each step was half a cubit in height (according to the Mishnah); this is a height of at least 22 feet - the height of the Sakhra is 21 feet above the lower level of the Temple Mount, and should therefore have been under the floor.

Nevertheless, taking the flat surface to be the position of the southern wall of a square enclosure, the west and north sides of which are formed by the low clean-cut scarp at these edges of the rock, at the position of the hypothetical centre is a rectangular cut in the rock that is about 2.5 cubits long and 1.5 cubits wide, which is exactly the dimensions of the Ark of the Covenant (according to the Book of Exodus). The bedrock near the Rock shows several signs of having been quarried, and these clean edges and square cuts, could simply have been a result of such activity.

The Mishnah ^[12] gives the height of the rock as three fingerbreaths above the ground. Radbaz ^[13] discusses the apparent contradiction of the Mishnah’s measurements and the actual measurement of the Rock within the Dome of the Rock which he estimates as the “height of two men” above the ground. He concluded that many changes in the natural configuration of the Temple Mount have taken place which can be attributed to excavations made by the various peoples who have occupied Jerusalem throughout the ages.

[edit] Jewish significance

Main article: Temple in Jerusalem

The Midrash Tanchuma ^[14] sums up the centrality of and holiness of this site in Judaism:

As the navel is set in the centre of the human body,

so is the land of Israel the navel of the world...

situated in the centre of the world,

and Jerusalem in the centre of the land of Israel,

and the sanctuary in the centre of Jerusalem,

and the holy place in the centre of the sanctuary,

and the ark in the centre of the holy place,

and the Foundation Stone before the holy place,

because from it the world was founded.

According to the sages of the Talmud ^[15] it was from this rock that the world was created, itself being the first part of the Earth to come into existence. In the words of the Zohar ^[16]: “The world was not created until God took a stone called Even haShetiya and threw it into the depths where it was fixed from above till below, and from it the world expanded. It is the centre point of the world and on this spot stood the Holy of Holies”.

According to the Talmud, it was close to here, on the site of the Altar, that God gathered the earth that was formed into Adam. It was on this rock that Adam - and later Cain, Abel, and Noah - offered sacrifices to God. Jewish sources identify this rock as the place mentioned in the Bible where Abraham fulfilled God's test to see if he would be willing to sacrifice his son Isaac, The mountain identified as Moriah in Genesis 22. It is also identified as the rock upon which Jacob dreamt about angels ascending and descending on a ladder and consequently consecrating and offing a sacrifice upon.

When, according to the Bible, King David purchased a threshing floor owned by Araunah the Jebusite ^[17], it is believed that is was upon this rock that he offered the sacrifice mentioned in the verse. He wanted to construct a permanent Temple there, but as his hands were "bloodied," he was forbidden to do so himself. The task was left to his son Solomon, who completed the Temple in c. 950 BCE.

The Mishnah in tractate Yoma ^[18] mentions a stone situated in the Holy of Holies that was called Shetiya and had been revealed by the early prophets, (i.e. David and Samuel ^[19])

An early Christian source noting Jewish attachment to the rock may be found in the Bordeaux Pilgrim, written between 333-334CE when Jerusalem was under Roman rule, which describes a “…perforated stone to which the Jews come every year and anoint it, bewail themselves with groans, rend their garments, and so depart.” [8]

[edit] Role in the Temple

Situated inside the Holy of Holies, this was the rock upon which the Ark of the Covenant was placed in the First Temple ^[20]. During the Second Temple period when the Ark of the Covenant had been hidden, the stone was used by High Priest who offered up the incense and sprinkled the blood of the sacrifices on it during the Yom Kippur Service.

It has also been argued that the rock instead marks the position of the original temple's altar^{[citation needed]}, with the hole in the rock being used for draining away the blood from sacrifices. However, since it is now known that the Well of Souls (the cavern into which the hole opens) has no outlet, this view is seen as somewhat implausible since blood being poured into the hole would simply fill an ever increasing pool until it overflowed.

[edit] Commemoration in Jewish law

The Jerusalem Talmud ^[21] states:

"נשייא דנהגן דלא למישתייה עמרא מן דאב עליל מנהג – שבו פסקה אבן שתייה"

"Women are accustomed not to prepare or attach warp threads to a weaving loom ^[22] from Rosh Chodesh Av onwards (till after Tisha B'Av), because during the month of Av the Foundation Stone (and the Temple) was destroyed" ^[23].

Citing this, the Mishnah Berurah ^[24] rules that not only are women not to prepare or attach warp threads to a weaving loom, but it is forbidden for anyone to make, buy or wear new clothes or shoes from the beginning of the week in which Tisha B'av falls until after the fast, and that people should ideally not do so from the beginning of Av.

In further commemoration of the Foundation Stone, it is also forbidden to eat meat or drink wine from the beginning of the week in which Tisha B'av falls until after the fast. Some have the custom to refrain from these foodstuffs from Rosh Chodesh Av, while others do so from the Seventeenth of Tammuz ^[25].

[edit] Liturgical references

In the days when Selichot are recited, in the days leading up to Rosh Hashana until Yom Kippur, the supplications include the following references:

טענתנו גפי קרת נתונים, ישבתנו שן סלע איתנים

You carried us and placed us on the [Holy] City’s height, You settled us on the Patriarch’s rocky peak ^[26].

רבוצה עליו אבן שתית חטובים...שמה בתוך לפני מזיב מאשנבים

Upon it lying the stone from which the foundation was hewn…Who gives ear from which the waters flow (i.e. the foundation stone "from which flow all the waters of the world") ^[27].

During Sukkot the following references to the Foundation Stone are mentioned in the Hoshanot recital:

הושענא! – אבן שתיה – הושענא

Please save! – Foundation Stone – Please save!

הושענא! – תאדרנו באבן תלולה – הושענא

Please save! – Adorn us with the elevated Stone – Please save!

[edit] Muslim significance

Main article: Isra and Mi'raj

According to Islamic lore, angels visited the rock 2,000 years before Adam was created, and Noah's Ark rested here after the biblical flood. All the prophets of God prior to Muhammad were believed to have prayed at the rock which is surrounded daily by 70,000 angels. It is here that Israfil, the four-winged Angel of Death, will blow the last trumpet on the Resurrection Day when the dead rise from their graves. [9]

In Islamic tradition, the rock is said to be the location where Muhammed ascended to heaven, and during this ascension, the rock itself tried to join Muhammed (starting to rise at the southern end, hence the gap) but was held down by the Archangel Gabriel; in connection with this legend some marks on the western side of the rock are said to be the fingerprints of Gabriel. It is also said that the hoof print of Muhammed’s steed, El Burak from which he was propelled to heaven on, can be seen imprinted in the rock.

[edit] References