Fort St. Joseph (Ontario)
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Fort St. Joseph is a former British outpost on the southernmost point of St. Joseph Island in what is now Ontario, Canada on Lake Huron. Situated on approximately 325 hectares on the St. Mary's River, Fort St. Joseph was the staging ground for the initial attack in the War of 1812. The fort was not only an important military outpost, but also a significant meeting place for trade and commerce in the region. During its short but illustrious occupation, it was the British Empire's most westerly outpost. Today, Fort St. Joseph is operated by Parks Canada and is designated a National Historic Site.
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[edit] History
In 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed and the newly formed United States was awarded Michilimackinac, a trading post on Mackinac Island where Lakes Huron and Michigan connect. The strategic position of Michilimackinac gave the Americans sound control of the upper Great Lakes. Forced into making an urgent decision, Lord Dorchester, then Military Governor of Canada, advised that St. Joseph Island be occupied quickly, fearing that the Americans might lay claim to the island. Lord Dorchester had hoped to compete with and possibly replace Michilimackinac as the hub of the fur trade in the region while keeping Aboriginal allegiance.
In the summer of 1796, construction of Fort St. Joseph began. Since the arrival of British soldiers and engineers was so sudden, the Aboriginals became confused and stirred. However, the British treated the Aboriginals kindly, and they were content to trade with the soldiers.
Strained relations between British and Americans became evident in 1807 because of the foreign and trade policies of the two countries. Control over the Great Lakes and fur trade was also a factor in these strained relations. Fort St. Joseph, as yet unfinished, was undermanned and attained out of date weapons so it was exceedingly apparent that Fort St. Joseph would be unequipped and incapable in defending itself amid attack.
The Congress of United States declared war on Great Britain on 18 June 1812. Appreciating the significance of Fort St. Joseph, Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, military commander of Upper Canada, sent a message to Captain Charles Roberts, commander of Fort St. Joseph ordering to prepare for immediate attack on Michilimackinac. On 16 July 1812, Captain Roberts and an army of British soldiers, French Canadian voyageurs (most of them from nearby Sault Ste. Marie), and about four hundred Ottawa, Ojibwa, Menominee, and Winnebago warriors set off on an unexceptional flotilla towards Fort Michilimackinac, arriving on the morning 17 July 1812. Lieutenant Porter Hanks, commander of Fort Michilimackinac, was unprepared for an attack and Fort Michilimackinac was severely under-manned. However, before Lieutenant Hanks' men could even spring to action, Captain Roberts’s army had already taken position and Hanks had no choice but to surrender.
Meanwhile, Americans from Detroit arrived at Fort St. Joseph to find it deserted and they burned the fort and the North West Company storehouses that were present there.
Until the end of the war, it was indisputable that Michilimackinac was British, but when the peace treaty was signed in December of 1814, Michilimackinac was restored to the Americans and the British decided not to rebuild Fort St. Joseph. The fur trade began to decline, and a British garrison was no longer required in the area. Fort St. Joseph was forgotten and St. Joseph Island was left deserted.
[edit] Today
Until the early 1920s, no one had undertaken a serious interest in the forgotten fort. At that time, the Sault Ste. Marie Historical Society began to explore the ruins. It wasn't until shortly after World War II that a road was built to the site and a small picnic area established.
The University of Toronto showed interest in the site in the late fifties, and teams began archaeological digs in the summers of 1963 and 1964. It was not until 1974 that Parks Canada assumed control of the site and a visitor centre was built.
Today, archaeological digs continue and many new artifacts are discovered with each new excavation. The park attracts hundreds of visitors annually and is surrounded by natural beauty.
[edit] See also
- St. Joseph Island
- Fort Mackinac
- Fort Michilimackinac
- War of 1812
- Islands of the Great Lakes
- Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
[edit] External links
- Fort St. Joseph National Historic Site
- The Canadian Encyclopedia: Fort St. Joseph
- http://www.stjosephisland.net
[edit] Sources
- John Abbott et al., The History of Fort St. Joseph (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2000)
- Jackileen R. Rains and Elsie Hadden Mole, St. Joseph Island: A Tour and Historical Guide (Sault Ste. Marie: Journal Printing, 1988)
- Elizabeth Vincent, Fort St. Joseph: A History (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1978)
- “Parks Canada – Fort St. Joseph National Historic Site of Canada – History,” <http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/on/stjoseph/index_e.asp>
- Joseph and Estelle Bayliss Historic St. Joseph Island (Cedar Rapids, Iowa: Torch Press, 1938)
