Foramen spinosum
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| Foramen spinosum of Sphenoid | |
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| Figure 1: Sphenoid bone. Upper surface. (foramen spinosum labeled left, second from bottom.) | |
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| Figure 2: Horizontal section of nasal and orbital cavities. | |
| Gray's | subject #35 150 |
The foramen spinosum is one of several foramina located in the base of the skull, on the sphenoid bone, that permit the passage of the certain arteries, veins and/or other structures. Situated lateral to the foramen ovale, in a posterior angle, the foramen spinosum transmits the middle meningeal artery and a recurrent branch from the mandibular nerve (the mandibular nerve is the third branch (V3) of the trigeminal nerve). The foramen may be absent (in approx. 2% of the cases), in which case the middle meningeal artery enters the cranial cavity through the foramen ovale.[1] The mean area of the foramen spinosum/foramina is not considerable, which may suggest that it/they play(s) a minor role in the dynamics of blood circulation in the venous system of the head.[2]
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[edit] Morphology and morphometry
The foramen spinosum and ovale may be continuous, and the foramen spinosum may be duplicated. Wood-Jones (1931) found the foramen spinosum to be more or less incomplete in approx. 44% of the cases. The foramen spinosum was small or altogether absent in 0.4% of Lindblom's (1936) cases. This is especially true when the middle meningeal artery arises from the ophthalmic artery (the foramen would be near to empty in that case). In rare cases, early division of the middle meningeal artery into a posterior and anterior division may result in a duplication of the foramen spinosum.[1]
In the newborn, the foramen spinosum is about 2.25 mm and in the adults about 2.56 mm in length. The width of the foramen extends from 1.05 mm to about 2.1 mm in the adults.[3] The average diameter of the foramen spinosum is 2.63 mm in the adult.[4]
The earliest perfect ring-shaped formation of the foramen spinosum was observed in the 8th month after birth and the latest in 7 years after birth in a developmental study on the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale and foramen spinosum. The majority of the foramen in the skulls studies was round in shape.[4] Ginsberg et al. (see reference below) observed asymmetry of size in 16% of their patients.
In a study under 123 CT studies, Ginsberg, Pruett, Chen and Elster did not find an inverse relationship between the size of the foramen spinosum and that of the foramen ovale (for instance, a smaller foramen spinosum did not correlate with the size of the foramen ovale).[5]
[edit] References
- ^ a b Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus V: Skeletal Systems: Cranium - Sphenoid Bone. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation. Retrieved on 2006-04-10.
- ^ Reymond J, Charuta A, Wysocki J (2005). "The morphology and morphometry of the foramina of the greater wing of the human sphenoid bone". Folia Morphologica Warszaw 64 (3): 188-93. PMID 16228954.
- ^ Lang J, Maier R, Schafhauser O (1984). "Postnatal enlargement of the foramina rotundum, ovale et spinosum and their topographical changes". Anatomischer Anzeiger 156 (5): 351-87. PMID 6486466.
- ^ a b Yanagi S (1987). "Developmental studies on the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale and foramen spinosum of the human sphenoid bone". The Hokkaido Journal of Medical Science 62 (3): 485-96. PMID 3610040.
- ^ Ginsberg LE, Pruett SW, Chen MY, Elster AD (February 1994). "Skull-base foramina of the middle cranial fossa: reassessment of normal variation with high-resolution CT". Americal Journal of Neuroradiology 15 (2): 283-91. PMID 8192074.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained herein may be outdated. Please edit the article if this is the case, and feel free to remove this notice when it is no longer relevant.
