Ex-convict school teachers in Western Australia

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Following Western Australia's convict era, 37 ex-convicts were appointed school teachers in the colony. The appointment of such a large number of ex-convicts to what was considered a respectable government position was highly unusual for a penal colony, as the social stigma of conviction usually excluded ex-convicts from such positions.

The appointment of large number of ex-convicts as school teachers was largely due to the poor levels of education in the generation of Western Australians who had been children when the Swan River Colony was first settled. Many of them were illiterate or barely literate, and so unsuitable for appointment as school teachers. Those settlers that did have a good education were in high demand, and were not attracted to the low wages offered for teachers. On the other hand, educated convicts had little prospect of obtaining better wages or conditions than those available to teachers, and the position offered a chance to overcome the social stigma of conviction and obtain a respectable position in society. Although some settlers considered ex-convicts unfit to become teachers, most parents preferred that their children be educated by ex-convicts than not at all. Consequently, a total of 37 convicts were appointed school teachers in Western Australia between 1853 and 1900. Erickson (1983) has suggested that the use of ex-convict school teachers played an important role in the gradual breaking down of the social stigma of convictism.

[edit] List of ex-convict school teachers of Western Australia

This is a list of ex-convict school teachers of Western Australia. Unless otherwise noted, all information comes from Rick Erickson's The Brand On His Coat^[1] and the convict ship passenger lists provided on the Western Australian Convicts 1850-1868 website^[2].

Name	Schools	Biographical notes
John Allsop	Jarrahdale 1875	Born in 1830; worked as a labourer; sentenced to eight years' penal servitude in 1865 for uttering a counterfeit coin; transported to Western Australia on the Corona.
Thomas Beeho	Ferguson 1869	Born in 1836; worked as a clerk; sentenced to ten years' penal servitude in 1864 for robbery with violence; transported to Western Australia on the Vimeira; died in 1893.
Thomas Berwick	Jarrahdale 1879–91	See Thomas Berwick.
William Brooks	Greenhills (Northam) 1860–64, 1868–72, Upper Swan 1865, Gwalla 1865	Born in 1834; worked as a cellarman; sentenced to a lifetime of penal servitude in 1856 for uttering forged bank notes; transported to Western Australia on the Edwin Fox.
Thomas Henry J. Brown	Ferguson 1866–1869	Born in 1821; worked as an architect; sentenced to ten years' penal servitude in 1862 for forgery of money orders; transported to Western Australia on the Lord Dalhousie; died in 1882.
William Carmichael	Ferguson 1865	Born in 1827; worked as a clerk in the army; sentenced to a lifetime of penal servitude in 1854 for desertion; transported to Western Australia on the Sultana.
William J. Carpenter	York 1869, Quindalup	Born in 1812; worked as an auctioneer; sentenced to a lifetime of penal servitude in 1855 for forgery; transported to Western Australia on the Runnymede.
Fred Carter	Seven Springs 1870, Bejoording 1871–74, Gwalla 1875, Ludlow 1876	See Fred Carter (convict).
William Chopin	Mourambine 1879–83	See William Chopin.
Thomas Duggan	Goomalling c. 1869–?, Newcastle 1879–81	See Thomas Duggan.
Joseph Farrell	Australind 1861–64	Born in 1828; worked as a clerk; sentenced to fifteen years' penal servitude in 1854 for embezzlement; arrived in Western Australia on the Runnymede.
Thomas Fisher	Bejoording 1869	Born in 1831; worked as a ship's steward; sentenced to twenty years' penal servitude for robbery with violence in 1857; transported to Western Australia on the Edwin Fox.
Cornelius Hardy	Northam 1865	See Cornelius Hardy.
James Hasleby	Greenhills (Northam) 1868–73, Dumbarton 1876–77, Gwalla 1878–?.	See James Hasleby.
George Haywood	Newcastle 1865–66, Toodyay Steam Mill school 1867–72	Born in 1828; worked as a clerk; sentenced to a lifetime of penal servitude for forgery of a money order in 1847; transported to Western Australia on the Ramillies; died in 1873.
Adolph Hecht	Marrinup 1869, York 1869–70, Parkfield 1871–72	Born in 1844; worked as a clerk; sentenced to ten years' penal servitude for forgery in 1864; transported to Western Australia on the Vimiera.
John James Henry Hislop	Bunbury 1853–62	See John Hislop.
James Murgatroyd Hubbard	Wicklow Hills 1872, Newcastle 1873–75, Guildford	See John Hubbard (convict).
James White Humphrey	Quindalup 1863–68, Newcastle 1875–78	See James Humphrey.
James Waterson Johnston	Dongara 1874–92	Born about 1838, Edinburgh, Scotland; worked as a lithographic printer; sentenced to ten year's penal servitude for robbery in 1858; transported to Western Australia on board the Palmerston in 1861; died 13 May 1911.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
William Frederick Jones	Picton 1859–70	See William Jones (convict).
William Henry Leach	Capel 1869–70, Australind (Ludlow) 1870–74, 1877	Born in 1815; worked as a surveyor and builder; sentenced to ten years' penal servitude for shooting with intent in 1864; transported to Western Australia on the Vimeira.
James Henry Lloyd	Northam 1866–87	See James Lloyd (convict).
Daniel McConnell	Minninup 1865-72, Capel 1867, Parkfield 1873–75, Lockeville 1876	Born in 1820; worked as an attorney; sentenced to fifteen years' penal servitude for "forging and using and uttering"; transported to Western Australia on the Nile.
Robert Mewburn	Mandurah 1872-91	See Robert Mewburn.
Thomas Matthew Palmer	Albany 1858-91	See Thomas Palmer (convict).
George Pearson	Springhill 1869–72, Beverley (North) 1875–77, Greenough 1877–79, Quellington 1889	Born in 1835; worked as a clerk; sentenced to ten years' penal servitude in 1862 for uttering forged bank notes; transported to Western Australia on the Clara.
William Henry Perrin	Wongamine (Buckland) 1871–1900	See William Perrin.
Theodore Richards	Katrine 1864–74, Wicklow Hills 1875–85	See Theodore Richards (convict).
James Elphinstone Roe	Central Greenough 1867–70, Lower Greenough 1868	See James Elphinstone Roe.
Octavius Ryland	Upper Swan 1864, Upper Greenough 1864–69, Dongara 1869, Serpentine Bridge 1870–80, 1884	See Octavius Ryland.
John O. Simpson	Ludlow 1875	Born in 1831; worked as a clerk; sentenced to a lifetime of penal servitude for burglary in 1863; transported to Western Australia on the Merchantman; died in 1879.
Stephen Montague Stout	Australind 1859–61, Barracks (Perth) 1873-78, Geraldton 1878-79	Born in 1829; worked as a land agent and surveyor; sentenced to fourteen years' penal servitude for forgery in 1856; transported to Western Australia on board the Lord Raglan; died in 1886; also known as Stephen West.
James Tucker	Bejoording 1870–?, Wicklow Hills 1871, South Greenough 1874	Born in 1818; worked as a clerk; sentenced to a lifetime of penal servitude for shooting with intent in 1854; transported to Western Australia on the William Hammond
Thomas Ward	Seven Springs 1868, Marrinup 1873–74	Born in 1826; worked as a commission agent; sentenced to seven years' penal servitude for falsifying a death registration in 1863; transported to Western Australia on the Corona.
George Newly (or Newby) Wardell	Capel 1868, Parkfield 1869-70	Born in 1830; worked as a solicitor; sentenced to seven years' penal servitude for forgery in 1862; transported to Western Australia on the Lord Dalhousie.
John Vernon Warren	Roman Catholic School York 1860-?, Newleyine 1866–68, Wicklow Hills 1867–70, Dumbarton 1872–75	see John Warren (convict).

[edit] References

1. ^ Erickson, Rica (1983). “Schoolmasters”, Erickson, Rica (ed): The Brand on His Coat. Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 0-85564-223-8.
2. ^ Western Australian Convicts 1850-1868. Retrieved on 2006-08-13.
3. ^ Scottish Record Office Prisoner Trials: JC4/64
4. ^ Battye Library Superintendent Order Books (AN 358, Acc 1156, SO7), p. 451 and p. 472
5. ^ Battye Library: R Series 4 Accession 1156
6. ^ Battye Library: Acc. 128/38
7. ^ Battye Library: Acc. 1914 p.25
8. ^ Battye Library: R Series 21B Acc 1156
9. ^ Rikkers, John (1984-). Western Australian Schools 1830-1980. Perth, Western Australia: Planning Branch, Education Department of Western Australia.
10. ^ Erickson, Rica and Gillian O'Mara (1994). Convicts in Western Australia 1850–1887 (Dictionary of Western Australians Volume 9). Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 1-875560-44-0.
11. ^ Erickson, Rica (ed.) (1985). Dictionary of Western Australians, 1829-1914. Volume 2: Bond, 1850-1868 (Revised edition). Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 0-85564-162-2.