European Muon Collaboration

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The European Muon Collaboration (EMC) conducted high energy particle physics experiments at CERN. In 1983, it discovered that nucleons inside an nucleus have a different distribution of momentum among their component quarks. This is the original so-called "EMC Effect".

In 1987, the group discovered that only a small part of the proton spin is carried by quarks, and that the strange quark sea is probably polarized. The former is sometimes referred to as the "proton spin crisis", or the "EMC Effect (2)".