Eulji Mundeok
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Eulji Mundeok | |
|---|---|
| Hangul: |
을지문덕
|
| Hanja: |
乙支文德
|
| Revised Romanization: | Eulji Mundeok |
| McCune-Reischauer: | Ŭlji Mundŏk |
Eulji Mundeok was a noted military leader of early 7th century Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Often numbered among the greatest heroes in Korean military history, he defended Goguryeo against the Sui Chinese.
Mundeok was born in the mid-6th century and died sometime after 618, although the exact date is unknown. At the time of his birth, the kingdom of Goguryeo had grown to a powerful and belligerent empire, constantly warring with its neighbours, Chinese states to its north and west, and its fellow Korean kingdoms Silla and Baekje to its southeast and southwest respectively.
A balance of power was maintained between these Three Kingdoms of Korea, until outside influence, namely the much larger Tang Dynasty of China, finally tipped the advantage to Silla. In 589, the Sui Dynasty had reunified China for the first time since the fall of the Han Dynasty over three centuries before. The Sui early on launched several large military campaigns against recalcitrant Goguryeo unwilling to submit to Sui dominance.
Eulji Mundeok (most Korean scholars posit that the Eulji 乙支 in his name is some form of Goguryeo rank or title) was an educated man, skilled in both "mun" 文 political and the "mu" 武 military sciences. He eventually rose to become Minister of Goguryeo.
[edit] The Battle of Salsu River
After the founding of the Sui dynasty in 589, a precarious peace obtained for several years between the new Chinese dynasty and Goguryeo. In 597, however, the Goguryeo king launched raids across the Liao River (the traditional border with China). In response, the Sui invaded Goguryeo, but the invasion failed as the invasion force was scattered by a typhoon. Nevertheless, fearing further invasions, the Goguryeo king formally submitted to Sui authority.
In the early 7th century, however, the new Sui emperor Yangdi learned of secret Goguryeo correspondence with the Eastern Turkish khanate. Yangdi took a hard stand and demanded the Goguryeo king come and submit personally to Sui or face an "imperial tour of his territories". When the Goguryeo king failed to submit in this fashion, Yangdi prepared for war. He mustered an army of over 1,138,000 troops and more than 2 million auxiliaries and personally led them against Goguryeo in 612. They quickly overran Goguryeo's border defenses, camped on the banks of the Liao River and prepared to bridge it. Eulji Mundeok, commissioned as a Field Marshal, was called upon to assist in the defence of the nation, and prepared his troops to meet the superior Sui forces with a strategy of false retreat, deception and attack.
After the Sui forces crossed the Liao River, a small contingent was sent to attack the Goguryeo city of Liaodong, but Field Marshal Eulji sent Admiral Gang Yi-Sik and his forces to meet them there and drove them out. As the rainy season progressed, the Sui forces launched other small probing attacks, but held off from making any large moves before the end of the rainy season.
When the rains stopped, Yangdi moved his forces to the banks of the Yalu River in northwestern Korea and prepared for a major assault. General Eulji visited the Chinese camp under the pretense of surrender in an attempt to discover any Sui weaknesses. Yang Di's generals, Yu Zhongwen 于仲文 and Yu Wenshu 宇文述, listened to Field Marshal Eulji and allowed him to leave the camp, but shortly after changed their minds and set out after him. In his visit, however, Mundeok had learned that the Sui forces were short of provisions and had overstretched their supply lines, and accordingly decided to pursue a strategy of gradual retreat, hoping to lure his enemy deeper and deeper into hostile territory. Fighting only small engagements at times and places of his choosing, he drew the Sui forces further and further from their supply centers. A Sui advance force of over 305,000 men was sent to take the city of Pyongyang. After allowing the force to approach the city, Field Marshall Eulji ambushed it. His forces attacked from all sides, driving the Sui troops back in utter confusion. His troops pursued the retreating army, slaughtering them at will; records claim that only 2,700 men of the massive force returned alive to the main Chinese army. This battle, the Battle of Salsu, came known as one of the most glorious military triumphs in Korea's national history. After the battle, winter began to set in and the Sui forces, short on provisions, were forced to return home.
The Sui Dynasty was beginning to disintegrate and Yangdi decided that he urgently needed to expand his empire in order to regain power, but two more attacks on Goguryeo by Yangdi the following spring met with similar disaster, and eventually internal rebellion in China forced the Sui to abandon their designs on Goguryeo. By 618, the relatively short-lived Sui Dynasty was replaced by the Tang Dynasty. Field Marshal Eulji Mundeok's strategy and leadership had protected Goguryeo from the Chinese expansion to the Korean peninsula.
One of the most distinguished military leaders of the Goguryeo period and one of the most famous figures in ancient Korean history, Eulji's leadership and tactical acumen was the decisive factor in sparing defeating the Sui invasion. Facing vastly numerically superior forces, he developed a strategy that allowed him to secure a decisive victory. Such spectacular tactical success was sufficient to earn him a permanent place among Korea's most famous leaders. That said, it was only in the early 20th century that Eulji Mundeok began to acquire the veneration he enjoys today among Koreans. This reassessment of Mundeok may have begun with the Korean nationalist historian Sin Ch'ae-ho 申采浩 (1880-1936), who published a biography of Mundeok in 1908 and held him out as an example of Korea's traditional nationalist spirit at a time when Korea was suffering under the yoke of Japanese colonization. Eulji Mundeok is still celebrated as a great Korean hero. One of the most preeminent Korean scholars of the 20th century, Lee Ki-baik, noted that Mundeok's efforts in halting the Sui attempt at conquest stand as one of the earliest examples of Korean attempts to fend of foreign domination. Today a main thoroughfare in downtown Seoul, Eulji-ro, is named after Eulji Mundeok. The second highest Military Decoration of South Korea, Field Marshal Lord Eulji's Order of Military Merit, is also named in his honour.
[edit] Reference
- Gabriel, Richard A. and Donald W. Boose, “The Korean Way of War: Salsu River”, from The Great Battles of Antiquity: A Strategic and Tactical Guide to Great Battles that Shaped the Development of War. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1994.
