Eric, Duke of Södermanland
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Eric Magnusson was the second son of Magnus Ladislaus of Sweden and his Queen consort Helvig of Holstein.
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[edit] Background
Eric was born circa 1282 and later became the Duke of Södermanland and a part of Uppland in 1302. He was betrothed to Ingeborg of Norway, the one-year-old daughter of King Haakon V of Norway.
[edit] Character
Erik is reported as being more skilled and intelligent than his elder brother, king Birger of Sweden. He was also bold and ambitious, and his social skills won him many allies. His younger brother Valdemar Magnusson, the duke of Finland, became his close ally and helped him in all his projects.
[edit] Life
King Birger, who feared his brothers' plans, forced them to sign a paper, in 1304, so as to render them less dangerous. They then fled to Norway, but in 1305, they reconciled with the king and regained their duchies.
Eric was also in possession of Kungahälla, which he had been given during his exile by the Norwegian king, and northern Halland which he had been given by the Danish king Eric VI of Denmark. Duke Eric planned to topple Birger's marshal Torgils Knutsson who was in the way of his ambitious plans. As the clergy were in opposition to the marshal, they joined Eric. They prevailed on the weak Birger in 1306 to execute Torgils, who was a faithful counsellor. Little more than half a year later, Birger was imprisoned by his brothers (september 1306), and his brothers took control of Sweden.
Birger's brother-in-law, Eric VI of Denmark arrived with his army to support Birger. Haakon V of Norway, however, was on the side of the younger brothers. In 1308, Eric and Valdemar were forced by the Danish king to release Birger, but they did so under humiliating conditions. When Birger was free, he sought aid in Denmark, and the strife began anew. The course of events turned against duke Eric. By concluding a peace treaty with the Danish king, unbeknownst to Haakon V, Eric lost Haakon's trust. Håkon wanted to have Kungahälla back, but Eric refused.
[edit] War
A war broke out between Haakon V of Norway and Eric in 1309, and the kings of Norway and Denmark concluded peace, and allied against the dukes. Through his strategic skills, Eric managed to ride out the storm, and defeated the Norwegians, and also the Danes who arrived as far as Nyköping in 1309.
He attacked Norway and reconquered Kungahälla, which he had lost to Håkon, in 1310. Finally, there was peace at Helsingborg, in which Sweden was divided between Birger and his brothers. Eric received Västergötland, Dalsland, Värmland and Kalmar County, as well was northern Halland as a fief from Denmark, but he promised to return Kungahälla to Norway.
[edit] Marriage
In spite of the fact that Eric never returned Kungahälla, and broke almost all his promises to Haakon, he managed to win his approval. In 1312, he married Haakon V of Norway's 11-year old daughter Ingeborg Haakonsdatter, who, in 1316 gave him a son, the future king Magnus IV of Sweden and in 1317 daughter Euphemia of Sweden.
Duke Eric seemed close to reaching his goals: he was now in possession of a composite territory consisting of some parts of all the three Scandinavian kingdoms, centered on the coast of Skagerrak-Kattegat with Varberg as his ducal seat, he had a son who was the heir apparent of the kingdom of Norway, and he was the de facto ruler of Sweden.
[edit] Treachery
However, his career was stopped and his life was shortened by the treachery of his brother King Birger, the de jure ruler of Sweden. During a call on his brother in Nyköping, Eric and his brother Valdemar were arrested and chained, the night between the 10th and 11th of December 1317. No one knows for certain what happened to the two brothers. They either starved to death or were slain, in the early summer of 1318.
[edit] Legacy
In all of Scandinavia, their deaths caused great dismay and sorrow, which caused many people to forgive their misdeeds, and only to remember their positive qualities. However, Eric's ambitions had caused great troubles for Sweden. The time of civil war between the brothers were one of the grimmest eras in Swedish history. Eric's life was portrayed in a positive light in Eric's Chronicle, created by his supporters.
[edit] External links
This article contains content from the Owl Edition of Nordisk familjebok, a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904-1926 now in Public Domain.
