Ercole d'Este I
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Ercole d'Este I (October 26, 1431 – June 15, 1505) was Duke of Ferrara from 1471 until 1505. He was a member of the house of Este.
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[edit] Biography
Ercole was born at Ferrara to Nicolò III and Ricciarda da Saluzzo.
He was educated at the Neapolitan court of Alfonso, king of Aragon and Naples, from 1445 to 1460; there he studied military arts, chivalry, and acquired the appreciation for architecture all'antica and the fine arts, which would result in his becoming one of the most significant art patrons of the Renaissance. In 1471 he became Duke on the death of his half-brother Borso, and he married Eleonora d'Aragona, daughter of Alphonso, in 1474, and had six children by her: Alfonso (who would later marry the infamous Lucrezia Borgia), Isabella (who would later prove to be one of the most powerful women of the Renaissance), Beatrice, Ferrante, Ippolito and Sigismondo. The Este alliance with Naples was to prove a powerful one.
In 1482-1484 he fought a war over the salt monopoly with Venice, which was allied with Pope Sixtus IV. Ercole was able to end the war by ceding the Polesine at the Peace of Bagnolo, and Ferrara escaped the fate of destruction or absorption into the papal dominions.
Although Ercole lost the war with the Pope and Venice, ceding the Polesine, he was successful in setting up a musical establishment which was for a few years the finest in Europe, overshadowing the Vatican chapel itself. For the next century Ferrara was to retain the character of a center of avant-garde music with a decidedly secular emphasis. In music history Ercole was one of the Italian nobles most responsible for bringing the talented Franco-Flemish musicians from northern Europe into Italy. The most famous composers of Europe either worked for him, were commissioned by him, or dedicated music to him, including Alexander Agricola, Jacob Obrecht, Heinrich Isaac, Adrian Willaert, and Josquin Desprez, whose Missa Hercules dux Ferrariae not only is dedicated to him, but is based on a theme drawn from the syllables of the Duke's name.
Ercole is equally famous as a patron of the arts. He made the poet Boiardo his minister, and also brought the young Ludovico Ariosto into his household.
Under Ercole Ferrara became one of the leading cities of Europe; it underwent substantial growth, approximately doubling in size. Many of Ferrara's most famous buildings date from his reign. He extended the city's walls, hiring architect Biagio Rossetti for the work.
Ercole was an admirer of church reformer Girolamo Savonarola, who was also from Ferrara, and sought his advice on both spiritual and political matters. Approximately a dozen letters between the two survive from the 1490s. Ercole attempted to have Savonarola freed by the Florentine church authorities, but was unsuccessful; the reformist monk was burned at the stake in 1498.[1]
In 1503 or 1504, Ercole asked his newly-hired composer Josquin des Prez to write musical testament for him, structured on Savonarola's prison meditation Infelix ego. The result was the Miserere, probably first performed for Holy Week in 1504, with the tenor part possibly sung by the Duke himself.[2].
Ercole died in 1505, and his son Alfonso became Duke.
[edit] See also
[edit] Sources
- Edmund G. Gardner, Dukes and Poets in Ferrara: a Study in the Poetry, Religion and Politics of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (London, 1904)
- Werner L. Gundersheimer, Ferrara, the Style of a Renaissance Despotism (Princeton, 1973)
- Lewis Lockwood, Music in Renaissance Ferrara, 1400-1505: The Creation of a Musical Center in the Italian Renaissance (Oxford, 1984)
- Thomas Tuohy, Herculean Ferrara: Ercole d'Este, 1471-1505, and the Invention of a Ducal Capital (Cambridge, 1996)
- Charles M. Rosenberg, The Este Monuments and Urban Development in Renaissance Ferrara (Cambridge, 1997)
- Luciano Chiappini, Gli Estensi. Mille anni di storia (Ferrara, 2001)
- Patrick Macey, Bonfire Songs: Savonarola's Musical Legacy. Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1998. ISBN 0-19-816669-9
[edit] Notes
[edit] External links
| Preceded by Borso |
Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio 1471–1505 |
Succeeded by Alfonso |
