Emil Jellinek
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Emil Jellinek, known after 1903 as Emil Jellinek-Mercedes (6 April 1853 – 1 January 1918) was a wealthy European entrepreneur who sat on the board of Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft ('DMG') between 1900 and 1909. He specified an engine designed there by Wilhelm Maybach for the first 'modern' car. Jellinek required naming the engine after his daughter, Mercedes Jellinek. The Mercedes 35hp model later contributed to the brand name developed in 1926, Mercedes-Benz, when DMG and Benz & Cie. merged into what is now among the largest car brands in the world. Jellinek lived in Vienna, Austria but later moved to Nice on the French Riviera, where he was the General Consul to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
[edit] Early life
Jellinek was born in Leipzig in the south-east of Germany, the son of Dr Adolf Jellinek (sometimes known also as Aaron Jellinek). His father was a well-known Czech-Hungarian rabbi and intellectual in the Jewish collective around Leipzig and Vienna. Jellinek's mother Rosalie was also a preaching rabbi. He had two brothers, both of whom achieved fame: Max Hermann Jellinek as a linguist, and Georg Jellinek as an international law teacher. His sisters were Charlotte and Pauline.
The family moved, shortly after Jellinek's birth, to Vienna. He found paying attention to school work difficult and dropped out of several schools including Sonderhausen. His parents were displeased with his performance, while Jellinek began to indulge in practical jokes. In 1870, when he was 17, his parents found him a job as a clerk in a Moravian railway company, Rot-Koestelec North-Western. Jellinek lasted two years at this company before being sacked when the management discovered that he had been organising train races late at night.
[edit] The diplomat and businessman (1872 to 1893)
In 1872, when 19 years old, he moved to France. There, through his father's connections, Schmidl, the Austro-Hungarian Consul in Morocco, requested his services getting Jellinek diplomatic posts at Tangier and Tetouan successively. In Tetouan he met Rachel Goggmann Cenrobert an African born lady of French-Sepharadi descent.
In 1874 he was called up for military service in Vienna but was declared unfit. He resumed his diplomatic career as Austrian vice-consul at Oran, Algeria and also began trading Algerian grown tobacco to Europe in partnership with Rachel's father.
He also worked as an inspector for the French Aigle insurance company and traveled to Vienna briefly in 1881 at the age of 28 to open one of its branch offices. Returning to Oran, he finally married Rachel, and their first two sons Adolph and Fernand were born there.
Two years later in 1884, Jellinek joined the insurance company full time and moved with the family to Baden bei Wien, Austria, where they lived in the house of a wine dealer named Hanni. In Baden in 1889 his first daughter, Mercedes, was born on September 16, and baptized Maria de las Mercédès, the name Mercédès being derived from the Spanish Christian name meaning mercy, and showing the influence of Rachel's family history. Jellinek came to believe the name brought good fortune and called all his properties after it. One of his sons wrote: “He was as superstitious as the ancient Romans.”
Jellinek's insurance business and stock-market trading became very successful, and they started to spend the winters in Nice on the fashionable French Riviera, eventually moving there and establishing links with both international business people and the local aristocracy.
It was in Nice that Jellinek became enthralled by the automobile, studying any information that he could gather about it and purchasing successively: a De Dion-Bouton, a Léon-Bollée Voiturette, both tricycles, and a four-seat Benz motorized-coach.
Helped by his diplomatic career, he became the Austrian Consul General in Nice, Jellinek began selling automobiles, mainly French makes, to European aristocrats spending winter vacations in the region. Associated with the automobile business were Leon Desjoyeaux, from Nice, and C. L. “Charley” Lehmann, from Paris. He acquired a large mansion which he named Villa Mercedes to run the business from and by 1897 he was selling about 140 cars a year and started calling them Mercedes. The car business was by now more profitable than his insurance work.
After having three more daughters Adrienne, Manuela and Ramona, Rachel died in 1893 and was buried in Nice. In 1899 he married again to Madelaine Henriette Engler (Anaise Jellinek), and had four more children Alain Didier, Guy, Rene and Andree (Maya).
[edit] The DMG (Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft), Daimler and Maybach (1896 to 1900)
Seeing an advertisement for a DMG car in the weekly magazine Fliegende Blatter, Jellinek now aged 43 traveled to Cannstatt, Stuttgart in 1896 to find out more about the company and its factory and the designers Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach. He placed an order for one of the Daimler cars which was delivered in October of that year.
The car was a Phoenix Double-Phaeton with 8hp engine and capable of reaching 24 km/h (15 mph). Maybach had designed the DMG-Phoenix engine, which featured four cylinders for the first time in a car, in 1894 when staying at Stuttgart's former Hermann Hotel.
DMG seemed a reliable enterprise, so Jellinek decided to start selling its cars. In 1898 he wrote to DMG requesting six more cars and to become a DMG main agent and distributor. In 1899 he sold 10 cars and in 1900 29. As well as French car makers such as Peugeot and Panhard & Levassor and other makers licensed to sell Daimler engined vehicles in France, there was a shortage of cars and Jellinek benefitted by being able to beat other suppliers lengthy waiting times.
Jellinek kept contacting DMG's designers with his ideas, some good but often with harangues such as: "Your manure wagon has just broken down on schedule", "Your car is a cocoon and I want the butterfly" or "Your engineers should be locked up in an insane asylum." This annoyed Daimler but Maybach took notice of many of his suggestions.
Every year in March, the French Riviera celebrated a speed-week, attracting many of the local high-society.
The events included:
- Nice-Castellane 90-km event (long distance race)
- Magagnosc event (touring race)
- Promenade des Anglais (sprint race)
- Nice-La Turbie (hill climb race)
- Monte Carlo (Concours d'elegance)
In 1899 Jellinek entered his cars in all of them. As the usage of pseudonyms was common, he called his race-team Mercedes and this was visibly written on the cars' chassis. Monsieur Mercedes became his personal alias and he became well known by it in the region.
Using the DMG-Phoenix, Jellinek easily won all the races, reaching 35 km/h, but he was still not satisfied with the car.
[edit] The Mercedes 35hp (1900)
| Long wheelbase. Wide track. | |
|---|---|
| Pressed steel chassis. | |
| Low center of gravity (lower engine). | |
| 75 km/h (45 mph). 35 hp (950 rpm). 300 to 1000 rpm (driver controlled). | |
| Light high performance engine: 4 cylinders. Bore/stroke ratio: 116x140 mm. Displacement: 5918 cc. Cylinder heads part of the castings. Carburetor for each pair of cylinders. Controlled intake valves. Two camshafts. | |
| Low-voltage ignition magnetos. | |
| Aluminium crankcase (pioneer), horizontally divided. | |
| Honeycomb radiator. | |
| Wheel steering. | |
In 1899 DMG commissioned some engineers including Wilhelm Bauer, Wilhelm Werner and Hermann Braun, to investigate the possibility of using the Phoenix for sporting events as at that time car racing was the best way of generating publicity in Europe.
On March 30, 1900 Wilhelm Bauer decided spontaneously to enter the Nice-La Turbie hill climb but crashed fatally after hitting a rock on the first turn while avoiding spectators. This caused DMG to abandon racing.
Nonetheless, Jellinek came to an agreement with DMG on April 2, 1900 by promising the large sum of 550,000 Goldmark if Wilhelm Maybach would design a revolutionary sports car for him, to be called the Mercedes, of which 36 units had to be delivered before October 15. The deal also included an order for 36 standard DMG 8 hp cars. Jellinek also became a member of DMG 's Board of Management and obtained the exclusive dealership for the new Mercedes for France, Austria, Hungary, Belgium and United States of America. Jellinek had some legal problems over the use of the Daimler name in France with Panhard Levassor who owned the Daimler licences for France, and the use of the Mercedes name put an end to that problem.
Jellinek laid down a strict specification for the Mercedes stating "I don't want a car for today or tomorrow, it will be the car of the day after tomorrow". He itemized many new parameters to overcome the problems found in many of the ill-designed "horseless carriages" of the time which made them unsuitable for high speeds and at risk of overturning:
- Long wheelbase and wide track to provide stability.
- Engine to be better located on the car's chassis.
- Lower center of gravity.
- Electric ignition using the new Bosch system (in lieu of a gas heated glow tube).
The model would be officially called the Daimler-Mercedes which the DMG chairman accepted readily as it overcame the problem of the Daimler name in France being owned by Panhard & Levassor.
Over the next few months, Jellinek oversaw the development of the new car at first by daily telegrams and later by traveling to Stuttgart. He took delivery of the first one on December 22 1900, at Nice's railway station - it had already been sold to the Baron Henry of Rothschild who had also raced cars in Nice.
In 1901, the car amazed the automobile world. Jellinek again won the Nice races, easily beating his opponents in all the capacity classes and reaching 60 km/h. The director of the French Automobile Club, Paul Meyan, stated: "We have entered the Mercedes era", a sentiment echoed by newspapers worldwide.
The records set by the new Mercedes amazed the entire automobile world. DMG's sales shot up, filling its Stuttgart plant to full capacity and consolidating its future as a car making company. The number of employees steadily increased from 340 in 1900 to 2,200 in 1904. In 1902, on June 23, the company decided to use the Mercedes name as the trademark for its entire automobile production and officially registered it on September 26.
[edit] Life after the Mercedes success (1900 to 1914)
As well as shaving off his side-whiskers, the overjoyed Emil Jellinek, in Vienna in June 1903 at the age of 50, changed his name to Jellinek-Mercedes, commenting: "This is probably the first time that a father has taken his daughter's name". From then on, he signed himself E.J. Mercédès.
Jellinek and his enthusiastic associates were distributing DMG-Mercedes models worldwide, six hundred were sold by 1909, making millions for DMG. He supplied cars to all 150 members of Nice's Automobile Club and also supported racing teams all over Europe. His life was absorbed by the business, spending much time away from home, and sending many telegrams.
As the 1900s continued, his passion for the Mercedes began to fade. He tired of the special requests being made by his highly demanding aristocratic customers. He also became disillusioned by DMG's technical department which he called "those "donkeys" and built his own large repair facilities at Nice behind Villa Mercedes. Wilhelm Maybach, his favorite designer, left DMG in 1907. He also so angered DMG's chairman that in 1908 he permanently cancelled Jellinek's original contract.
His diplomatic career continued and he was Austro-Hungarian Consulate General in successively Nice (1907), Mexico and Monaco. In 1909 when in Monte Carlo, Jellinek finally severed his commercial activities to concentrate on his consular work but did purchase some casinos in the region.
[edit] First World War, his last years (1914 to 1918)
Just before war broke out in 1914 the Austrian government charged Jellinek for taxes on his French properties. The family then moved to Semmering. While being treated at a sanatorium in Kissingen by Dr. Von Dapper, he ceded the Baden mansion to his family, writing: "(The Baden Villa) disturbs me terribly, I cannot sleep and that is detrimental to my health!.".
When Austro-Hungary entered in war on July 28, 1914, Jellinek and his family stopped speaking French outside their property. Later that year, they moved to Meran (France) but there, he was accused of espionage for Germany, supposedly hiding saboteurs in his Mediterranean yachts. At the same time, the Austrians suspected his wife Anaise.
Fleeing in 1917, they finished up in Geneva, in neutral Switzerland, where Emil Jellinek was temporarily arrested again. He stayed there until his death on January 21, 1918, at the age of 64 . All his French properties were later forfeited. In 1982, his remains have rested near Rachel's tomb, in Nice's Catholic Cemetery.
A decade after his death in 1926, amid the German post-war crisis, DMG merged with Benz to become the Daimler-Benz company with their automobiles called Mercedes-Benz. The company is now part of DaimlerChrysler.
[edit] Jellinek's properties
In the Mercedes ' global boom in 1900, Jellinek purchased several properties including:
- Mercedes exhibition room in the Champs-Élysées, Paris.
- Grand hotels: Royal and Scribe in Nice and the Astoria, in Paris.
His most important properties were:
- The Villa Mercedes in Nice. No. 57, Promenade des Anglais.
- The Villa Mercedes II in Nice. No. 54, Promenade des Anglais. Bought in 1902.
- Villa Jellinek-Mercedes, Wienerstrasse 39-45, in Baden (next to the original vineyard house). Purchasing it as a building plot in 1891, Jellinek built a large mansion, adding to it progressively from 1909 until it had 50 rooms, 8 bathrooms and 23 toilets. In 1945 the Russian Army destroyed all but the garage and two rooms. Afterwards, the land was divided and sold and is now occupied by a gas station and a smaller building built in 1900.
- Chauteau Robert. An immense house located between Toulon and Nice. Officially it was Jellinek's private residence, though he spent most of the time in the Villa Mercedes of Nice.
[edit] Some of Jellinek's harangues to Daimler and Maybach
- "You are all donkeys"
- "Your manure wagon has just broken down on schedule"
- "Your engineers should be locked up in an insane asylum"
- "You are completely incompetent"
- "Your third-rate factory"
- "You make trash"
- "Is your head engineer obsolete?"
- "Your car is a cocoon and I want the butterfly"
- The Board of Management were called "donkeys," "hypocrites" and "Jesuits".
Guy, his son wrote: “My father sent telegrams like jack-hammers. He won endless battles by telegram, alternated with anarchistic attacks.”
[edit] Trivia
- Jellinek was a shareholder in both DMG and Austro Daimler.
- While living in Vienna and vacationing in Nice, he dressed strangely. In Vienna, he wore a safari helmet (picture). At Nice, with his long side-whiskers and English clothing, he was called "the crazy Englishman".
- Mainly, Jellinek spoke German.
- Mercedes Jellinek, whose entire name was Mercedes Adriana Manuela Ramona, lived in Vienna, marrying twice scandalously and dying in 1929 of tuberculosis. She played music and had a good soprano voice, though she never was interested in her father's automobile passion.
- At the Paris automobile exhibition of 1902, Jellinek hung up a large portrait of Mercedes Jellinek.
- Some of the other racing-team pseudonyms in the 1899 Nice events were: Dr. Pascal, Axt, Escargot and Walrus.
- After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the French justice department gave a Czechoslovak passport to Anais Jellinek (second wife). She died in 1941, in Neuilly, France.
- Austro Daimler, under Ferdinand Porsche's tenure, called one of its racing car models Maya, after Jellinek's youngest daughter.
- In 1897 Emil Jellinek purchased a Lohner-Porsche-Chaise, designed by Ferdinand Porsche, for 34,028 Austrian-crowns.
- Jellinek's granddaughter is Elfriede Jelinek, an Austrian feminist playwright and Nobel laureate.
- Once, Jellinek considered that “The future of Mercedes is on the water." and fitted Mercedes engines in all his yachts, which were also called Mercedes.
[edit] Quotes
- "Miracles are expected from those who are capable of making them." (October 1900)
- Arguing about the Mercedes brand in 1900: “The name of my daughter has certain publicity characteristics that would be lost by using some other name. The name is both exotic and attractive. It can be easily pronounced and it sounds good. You can call these cars whatever you want, but the cars that I sell will be called Mercedes!”.
[edit] Bibliography
- "My Father Mr. Mercedes". Jellinek-Mercedes, Guy (translated by Ruth Hassell). G.T. Foulis & Co. Ltd, 1966, 319 pp.
