Elizabeth Peabody
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Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, (May 16, 1804-January 3, 1894) educator who opened the first English-language kindergarten in the United States. She was born in Billerica, Massachusetts. Long before most educators, Peabody embraced the premise that children's play has intrinsic developmental and educational value.
Peabody was a teacher, writer, and prominent figure in the Transcendental movement, editing The Dial, the chief literary publication of the movement, for two years. During 1834-1835, she worked as assistant teacher to Bronson Alcott at his famous experimental Temple School in Boston. It was in her shop, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody's West Street bookstore in Boston, that the "conversations" were held, organized by Margaret Fuller, and attended by Lydia Emerson, Sarah Bradford Ripley, Abigail Allyn Francis, Lydia Maria Child (Margaret's long-time friend), Elizabeth Hoar, Eliza Farrar, Mary Channing, Mary Peabody and Sophia Peabody, Sophia Dana Ripley and Lydia Parker.
After the school closed, Peabody published Record of a School, outlining the plan of the school and Alcott's philosophy of early childhood education, which had drawn on German models. When she opened her kindergarten in 1860, the concept of providing formal schooling for children younger than six was largely confined to German practice.
Through her own kindergarten, and as editor of the Kindergarten Messenger (1873-77), Peabody helped establish kindergarten as an accepted institution in U.S. education. She also wrote numerous books in support of the cause.
The extent of her influence is apparent in a statement submitted to Congress on February 12, 1897, in support of free kindergartens:
- The advantage to the community in utilizing the age from 4 to 6 in training the hand and eye; in developing the habits of cleanliness, politeness, self-control, urbanity, industry; in training the mind to understand numbers and geometric forms, to invent combinations of figures and shapes, and to represent them with the pencil—these and other valuable lessons… will, I think, ultimately prevail in securing to us the establishment of this beneficent institution in all the city school systems of our country.
(Source: Library of Congress Today in History: May 16)
[edit] Diverse activities
With grounding in history and literature and a reading knowledge of ten languages, in 1840 she also opened a bookstore, which held Margaret Fuller's "Conservations" and published books from Fuller and Nathaniel Hawthorne in addition to the periodicals The Dial and Aesthetic Papers. She was an advocate of antislavery and of Spiritualism. Morever, she also led decades of efforts for the Paiute Indians.
