El Hierro Giant Lizard
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| Gallotia simonyi (Steindachner, 1889) |
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The El Hierro Giant Lizard Gallotia simonyi (or Hierro Giant Lizard; in Spanish, Lagarto Gigante de El Hierro) is a species that can be found on the island of El Hierro, one of the Canary Islands (Spain). The species was once present throughout much of the island and on the small offshore Roque Chico de Salmor, but is now confined to a small areas of cliff with sparse vegetation. It is currently restricted to the southern end of the Risco de Tibataje, in la Fuga de Gorreta, located between Guinea and the so-called Paso del Pino (an area of about four hectares). The species was successfully reintroduced to the Roque Chico de Salmor in 1999, and subsequent reintroductions have taken place at Julan and at la Dehesa.
The about two foot (0.6 m) long El Hierro giant lizard is a thickset reptile with a broad head. Adults are dark grey to brown in colour, with two rows of pale orange patches running along its sides. Its belly is mostly brown, but has an orange to red colouration towards the middle. Older El Hierro Giant Lizards are mainly black with some grey. Males are larger than females.
The El Hierro giant lizard is omnivorous. It eats plants and insects. Mating begins in May and the 5 to 13 eggs are laid from June until the end of August. Their eggs hatch after 61 days.
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[edit] Subspecies
Two subspecies are recognised, namely the El Hierro Giant Lizard (Gallotia simonyi machadoi López-Jurado, 1989), and the extinct Roque Chico de Salmor Giant Lizard (Gallotia simonyi simonyi Steindachner, 1889). Previously, Gallotia simonyi included the subspecies auaritae but this lizard is now treated as a full species, the La Palma Giant Lizard (Gallotia auaritae).
[edit] Endangered
The population of this species is about 300 to 400 animals in the wild (including re-introduced populations), and it is classified as Critically Endangered by the 2006 IUCN Red List. This giant lizard's major threat is predation by feral cats, and possibly also by dogs and rats. The extinct subspecies Gallotia simonyi simonyi that previously occurred on the Roque Chico de Salmor was extirpated in the 1930s through the overcollection of animals for scientific institutions and commercial interests.
A recovery plan for the El Hierro Giant Lizard has been developed and the United Nations and the Canary Islands Autonomous Government funded a program for the captive breeding and re-introduction of the Hierro giant lizard to its original natural habitat. Control of feral cats has been stopped in 2002, but according to the IUCN continued control of feral cats should be resumed to allow population recovery.
The El Hierro Giant Lizard is protected by national and international legislation. It is listed on Annex IV of the European Union's Habitats Directive and on Appendix I of CITES.
[edit] References
- Mateo Miras & Pérez-Mellado (2005). Gallotia simonyi. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is critically endangered
- ARKive. 2006. Hierro giant lizard - Gallotia simonyi. ARKive - Images of life on Earth. <www.arkive.org>. Downloaded on 18 May 2006.
- Barahona, F., S.E. Evans, J.A. Mateo, M. García-Márquez and L.F. López-Jurado. 2000. Endemism, gigantism and extinction in island lizards: the genus Gallotia on the Canary Islands. Journal of Zoology, Volume 250, Page 373.
- European Commission. 2003. Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Annex IV - Animal and plant species of community interest in need of strict protection. Treaty of Accession 2003.
- European Environment Agency. 2006. Species factsheet for . European Nature Information System (EUNIS). Downloaded on 18 May 2006.
- Maas, P.H.J. 2006. Extinctions in Europe. The Extinction Website. Downloaded on 18 May 2006.
- Mateo Miras, J.A. & Pérez-Mellado, V. 2005. Gallotia simonyi. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 18 May 2006.
