Ejaculation
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This article is about male ejaculation. For female ejaculation, see Female ejaculation. For the grammatical term, see Ejaculation (grammar).
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Ejaculation is the ejecting of semen from the penis, and is usually accompanied by orgasm. It is usually the result of sexual stimulation, which may include prostate stimulation. Rarely, it is due to prostatic disease. Ejaculation may occur spontaneously during sleep (a nocturnal emission). Anejaculation is the condition of being unable to ejaculate.
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[edit] About
The process of ejaculation is an intense sensation (French "la petite mort" - The little death), which can be immensely pleasureable and satisfying for males. Each spurt is associated with a wave of sexual pleasure, especially in the penis and loins. The first and second convulsions are usually the most intense in sensation, and produce the greatest quantity of semen. Thereafter, each contraction is associated with a diminishing volume of semen and a milder wave of pleasure. During sexual intercourse or masturbation, most males will find it difficult to resist the psychological temptation to continue the stimulation of the penis to the point of ejaculation once the feeling of orgasm becomes imminent. During the process, males may make involuntary vocalizations such as grunting, groaning, or crying out, and some may experience full body convulsions, the spasms in tempo with those in the penis.
Ejaculation has two phases: emission and ejaculation proper. The emission phase of the ejaculatory reflex is under control of the sympathetic nervous system, while the ejaculatory phase is under control of a spinal reflex at the level of the spinal nerves S2-4 via the pudendal nerve. During emission, the two ducts known as vas deferens contract to propel sperm from the epididymis where it was stored up to the ampullae at the top end of the vas deferens. The beginning of emission is typically experienced as a "point of no return," also known as point of ejaculatory inevitability. The sperm then passes through the ejaculatory ducts and is mixed with fluids from the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral glands to form the semen, or ejaculate. During ejaculation proper, the semen is ejected through the urethra with rhythmic contractions.[1]
These rhythmic contractions are part of the male orgasm. The typical male orgasm lasts about 17 seconds but can vary from a few seconds up to about a minute. After the start of orgasm, pulses of semen begin to flow from the urethra, reach a peak discharge and then diminish in flow. The typical orgasm consists of 10 to 15 contractions. The rate of contractions gradually slows during the orgasm. Initial contractions occur at an average interval of 0.6 seconds with an increasing increment of 0.1 second per contraction. Contractions of most men procede at regular rhythmic intervals for the duration of the orgasm. Many men also experience additional irregular contractions at the conclusion of the orgasm.[2]
Semen begins to spurt from the penis during the first or second contraction of orgasm. For most men the first spurt occurs during the second contraction. A small study of seven men found the initial spurt occurring on the first contraction for 2 men and occurring on the second contraction for 5 men. This same study showed between 26 and 60 percent of the contractions during orgasm were accompanied by a spurt of semen.[3]
The force and amount of ejaculate vary widely from male to male. A normal ejaculation may contain anywhere from 2 to 15 milliliters (from 3/4 a teaspoon to a tablespoon).[4] Ejaculate volume is affected by the amount of time that has passed since the previous ejaculation. Larger ejaculate volumes are seen with greater durations of abstinence. Also, the duration of the stimulation leading up to the ejaculation can affect the volume. Abnormally low volume is known as hypospermia, though it is normal for the amount of ejaculate to diminish with age.
The number of sperm in an ejaculation also varies widely, depending on many factors, including the recentness of last ejaculation, the average warmth of the testicles, the degree and length of time of sexual excitement prior to ejaculation, the age, testosterone level, the nutrition and especially hydration and the total volume of seminal fluid. An unusually low sperm count, not the same as low semen volume, is known as oligospermia, and the absence of any sperm from the ejaculate is termed azoospermia.
Most men experience a lag time between the ability to ejaculate consecutively, and this lag time varies among men. Age also affects the recovery time; younger men typically recover faster than older men. During this refractory period it is difficult or impossible to attain an erection, because the sympathetic nervous system counteracts the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.
There are wide variations in how long sexual intercourse can last before ejaculation occurs.
When a man ejaculates before he wants to it is called premature ejaculation. If a man is unable to ejaculate in a timely manner after prolonged sexual stimulation, in spite of his desire to do so, it is called delayed ejaculation or anorgasmia. An orgasm that is not accompanied by ejaculation is known as a dry orgasm.
[edit] Central nervous system control
To map the neuronal activation of the brain during the ejaculatory response, researchers have used the expression of c-fos, a proto-oncogene expressed in neurons in response to stimulation by hormones and neurotransmitters [5] Expression of c-fos in the following areas have been observed: [6],[7]
- medial preoptic area (MPOA)
- lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
- paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN)
- ventromedial hypothalamus, medial amygdala
- ventral premammillary nuclei
- ventral tegmentum
- central tegmental field
- mesencephalic central gray
- peripeduncular nuclei
- parvocellular subparafascicular nucleus (SPF) within the posterior thalamus
[edit] Fertilization
Normally, ejaculation is required for emission of sperm, which can fertilize a woman's egg and impregnate her. However, almost all men produce a small amount of pre-ejaculate fluid when their penis is erect and they are sexually stimulated, and this pre-ejaculate may contain some sperm which can also lead to pregnancy. For this reason, coitus interruptus may still lead to unwanted pregnancies for couples engaging in vaginal intercourse if other forms of birth control are not used as well.
[edit] Euphemisms
Because sexual topics are often an uncomfortable topic among peers, a huge variety of euphemisms and dysphemisms have been invented to describe ejaculation and semen. For a complete list of terms, see: "Sexual slang".
[edit] Ejaculation facts
- Average volume of semen per ejaculation: 2 to 6 ml (0.41 to 1.22 US teaspoons)
- Average number of calories in a tablespoon of semen: 2-7
- Average duration of orgasm: 8 seconds
- Average number of sperm cells in the ejaculate of a healthy man: 40 million to 600 million (avg. 250 million)
- Distance sperm travels to fertilize an egg: 7.5-10 centimeters or 3-4 inches
- Sperm lifespan: 2.5 months from development to ejaculation
- Sperm lifespan after ejaculation: 30 seconds to 6 days depending on conditions
[edit] See also
- Aspermia
- Azoospermia
- Coitus interruptus
- Coitus reservatus
- Delayed ejaculation
- Erection
- Female ejaculation
- Premature ejaculation
- Retrograde ejaculation
[edit] References
- ^ Walter F. Boron, Emile L. Boulpaep, (2005). Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
- ^ Bolen, J. G., "The male orgasm: pelvic contractions measured by anal probe," Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1980 Dec;9(6):503-21.
- ^ Gerstenburg, T. C. "Erection and ejaculation in man. Assessment of the electromyographic activity of the bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles", British Journal of Urology, 1990 Apr;65(4):395-402.
- ^ "Swimming Toward Conception: The Semen Analysis," Focus on Fertility, American Infertility Association and Organon Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.
- ^ Sagar SM, "et al.", "Expression of c-fos protein in brain: metabolic mapping at the cellular level", Science 240:1328-1332.
- ^ Pfaus JG and Heeb MM, "Implications of immediate-early gene induction in the brain following sexual stimulation of female and male rodents", Brain Res Bull, 1997 44:397-407.
- ^ Veening JG and Coolen LM, "Neural activation following sexual behavior in the male and female rat brain.", Behav Brain Res, 1998 92:181-193.
