Edward Heath
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For other persons named Edward Heath, see Edward Heath (disambiguation).
| The Rt Hon. Edward Heath | |
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| In office 19 June 1970 – 4 March 1974 |
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| Preceded by | Harold Wilson |
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| Succeeded by | Harold Wilson |
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| Born | 9 July 1916 Broadstairs, Kent, England |
| Died | 17 July 2005 Salisbury, Wiltshire, England |
| Political party | Conservative |
Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 – 17 July 2005), soldier and politician, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975. Heath represented a transition between the traditional 'squirearchical' leadership of the party (by senior figures such as Harold Macmillan) and that of later self-consciously meritocratic figures, starting with Margaret Thatcher.
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[edit] Youth and parliament
Ted Heath was the son of a carpenter and a maid from Broadstairs in Kent, England. He was educated at Chatham House Grammar School in Ramsgate, and in 1935 he went on to study at Balliol College, Oxford as a commoner after twice failing to win a scholarship. During his studies he was supported financially by his parents and a loan from the Kent Education Committee. A talented musician, he won the college's Organ scholarship in his first term. Heath was awarded a second in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics in 1939. While at university he became active in Conservative politics, but unlike some senior party figures such as Neville Chamberlain and Stanley Baldwin, was an active opponent of appeasement. He supported the Independent Progressive Candidate, Dr. Lindsay, against the official Conservative candiates, Quintin Hogg, in the October 1938 City of Oxford by-election. He was elected as President of the Oxford Union in November 1938 as an anti-appeasement candidate, sponsored by Balliol. He was also twice President of the Oxford University Conservative Association.
Heath's opposition to appeasement is said to have stemmed from his witnessing first-hand an Nazi Party Nuremberg rally in 1937, where he met top Nazis Hermann Göring, Joseph Goebbels and Heinrich Himmler at an SS cocktail party. He said later of Himmler that he was "the most evil man I have ever met".
He served in the Royal Artillery during the Second World War and joined the Honourable Artillery Company after demobilisation in August 1946, where he rose to become the Commanding officer. He then became a civil servant in the Ministry of Civil Aviation resigning in November 1947 following his adoption as the propective parliamentary candidates for Bexley. He was Editor of the Church Times and later a banker at Brown, Shipley & Co until his election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bexley in the February 1950 general election (defeating an old contemporary from the Oxford Union, Ashley Bramall) with a majority of just 133.
In February 1951, Heath was appointed as an Opposition Whip by Winston Churchill. He remained in the Whips Office after the Conservatives won the 1951 general election rising rapidly with promotions to Joint Deputy Chief Whip, Deputy Chief Whip and, in December 1955, he became Government Chief Whip under Anthony Eden. Because of the convention that Whips do not speak in Parliament, he managed to keep out of the controversy over the Suez Crisis. On the announcement of Anthony Eden's resignation, Heath submitted a report on the opinions of the Conservative MPs regarding Eden's possible successors. This report was extremely favourable to Harold Macmillan and was instrumental in eventually securing Macmillan the premiership. Macmillan soon appointed him Minister of Labour after the October 1959 election.
Heath was fervently pro-EU and believed in political as well as economic union. He was appointed Lord Privy Seal in 1960 by Harold Macmillan with responsibility for the (ultimately unsuccessful) first round of negotiations to secure the UK's accession to the Common Market (as the European Community was then called). Under Prime Minister Sir Alec Douglas-Home he was President of the Board of Trade and Secretary of State for Industry, Trade and Regional Development and oversaw the abolition of retail price maintenance.
After the Conservative Party lost the general election of 1964, the defeated Douglas-Home changed the party leadership rules to allow for an MP ballot vote and then resigned. The following year Heath unexpectedly won the party's leadership contest, beating the favourite Reginald Maudling by 150 votes to Maudling's 133. Enoch Powell received 15 votes.[1]. Heath became the Tories' youngest leader and retained office despite the second party defeat in the general election of 1966 by a landslide.
With another general election looming in 1970, the Conservative policy document emerged from the Selsdon Park Hotel, surprising in its embrace of fairly radical monetarist and free-market oriented policies as solutions to the country's unemployment and inflation problems. Labour's left-leaning Prime Minister Harold Wilson regarded the document as a vote loser and dubbed it Selsdon Man in the attempt to portray it as reactionary. But Heath's Conservative Party won the general election of 1970 in a victory seen as a personal triumph that surprised almost all contemporary commentators.
[edit] Government
As with all British governments in the 1970s, Heath's time in office was difficult. The government suffered an early blow with the death of Chancellor of the Exchequer Iain Macleod on July 20, 1970. Heath's planned economic policy changes (including a significant shift from direct to indirect taxation) remained largely unimplemented; the Selsdon policy document was more or less abandoned by 1972. He did attempt to reform the increasingly militant trade unions, unions which had managed until then to avoid reforms under preceding Labour and Tory governments. Heath's attempt at confronting trade-union power resulted in an unwinnable pitched political battle, hobbled as the government was by the country's galloping inflation and high unenmployment rate. It was also around this time that energy shortages infamously resulted in much of the country's industry working a three-day week in an attempt to conserve energy. The resulting breakdown of domestic consensus contributed to the eventual downfall of his government.
Heath's government did little to curtail welfare spending, yet at one point the squeeze in the education budget resulted in Margaret Thatcher famously phasing out free school milk rather than cutting back spending on the Open University. The contrast with the later actions of Thatcher's own government resulted in Heath acquiring a strongly humanitarian image.
Heath governed during the bloodiest period in the history of the Northern Ireland Troubles. He was prime minister at the time of Bloody Sunday in 1972 when 14 unarmed men were killed by British soldiers during an illegal march in Londonderry. In 2003 he gave evidence to the Saville Inquiry and stated that he never promoted or agreed to the use of unlawful lethal force in Northern Ireland. In July 1972, he permitted his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seán Mac Stiofáin. In the aftermath of these unsuccessful talks, the Heath government pushed for a peaceful settlement with the democratic political parties. In 1973, the Sunningdale Agreement emerged, but was fiercely repudiated by many Unionists, and the Ulster Unionist Party ceased to support the Conservatives at Westminster. This also contributed to Heath's eventual fall from power.
Edward Heath's major achievement as prime minister was to take Britain into the European Community in 1973. He also did much to restore Britain's relations with the People's Republic of China, visiting Mao Zedong in Beijing in 1974 and 1975; he remained an honoured guest in China on frequent visits thereafter. Trying to bolster his government, Heath called an election for February 28, 1974. The result was inconclusive: the Conservative Party received a plurality of votes cast, but the Labour Party gained a plurality of seats due to the Ulster Unionist MPs refusing to support the Conservatives. Heath began coalition negotiations with leaders of the Liberal Party, but, when these failed, on March 4, 1974 he resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by Harold Wilson and a minority Labour government. Wilson was eventually confirmed with a wafer-thin majority in a second election in October of the same year.
The Centre for Policy Studies, a Conservative Party discussion group with close spiritual ties to the 1970 Selsdon document, then began to formulate a radical free-market diagnosis of the failures of Heath's government. Initially this trend was spearheaded by Sir Keith Joseph. Although Margaret Thatcher was associated with the CPS, she was seen as a potential moderating go-between by Heath's lieutenant James Prior.
[edit] The end
With the Conservatives losing (at least in terms of parliamentary seats) three out of four general elections into which he had led the party, Heath came to be seen as a liability by many Conservative MPs, party activists, and sympathetic newspaper editors. Among the wider electorate he attracted more sympathy, partly because of public statements he had made hinting at his willingness to consider the idea of serving in a government of national unity. Heath resolved to remain as Conservative leader and, initially, it appeared that, by calling on the loyalty of his front bench colleagues, he might prevail. At this point the Conservative leadership rules allowed for an election to fill a vacancy but contained no provision for a sitting leader to either seek a fresh mandate or be challenged. In late 1974, Heath came under tremendous pressure to concede a review of the rules. It was agreed to establish a commission to propose necessary changes and to have Heath put himself up for election under the new rules. Initially he expected to be comfortably re-elected, as there was no clear challenger to him after Enoch Powell had left the party and Keith Joseph had ruled himself out following controversial statements on birth control. However, a determined Airey Neave, acting on behalf of disgruntled back bench MPs seeking a serious challenger to Heath, and Margaret Thatcher, believing that someone adhering to the CPS line should run, led to the latter's standing in the leadership challenge.
As the rules of the leadership contest permitted new candidates to enter the fray in a second round of voting should the leader not be confirmed by a large enough majority, Thatcher's challenge was considered by some to be that of a stalking horse. Thatcher's campaign manager Airey Neave was later accused of having deliberately understated her support in order to attract waverers. In the end, Heath lost the first ballot by 119 votes to 130 on February 4, 1975. Heath then withdrew from the contest, and by then it was too late for any allies from his own wing of the party to overtake Thatcher's lead. His favoured candidate William Whitelaw lost to Thatcher in a vote one week later, 146 to 79.
[edit] Retirement and death
Heath, a lifelong bachelor, remained bitter over his defeat and was persistent in his criticisms of the party's new ideological direction for many years. After the 1979 general election, he was offered, and declined, the job of British Ambassador to the United States. He continued to be seen as a figurehead by some on the left of the party up to the time of the 1981 Conservative Party conference. He never forgave Margaret Thatcher for challenging and replacing him as leader of the Conservatives and would refer to her as, 'That woman'. On being asked to comment from time to time on the significance or otherwise of Thatcher's actions or pronouncements he was known to answer, 'I don't know. I'm not a doctor'.
He remained active on the international stage, serving on the Brandt Commission investigation into developmental issues, particularly on the North-South projects.
He long harboured a bitter hatred of old colleague Enoch Powell. When Powell died in February 1998 he said "I won't be making a statement".
In the second 1974 general election, Heath had called for an all party "National Government". Some commentators believe that after losing the leadership Heath's aim was to await a major crisis in British politics and be available as a potential "elder statesman" who could head such a government. However, the opportunity never came.
Heath continued to serve as a backbench MP for the London constituency of Old Bexley and Sidcup until retiring from Parliament at the 2001 general election, by which time he had been created a Knight of the Garter and was, from 1992, the longest-serving MP and "Father of the House," as well as the oldest sitting British MP. As Father of the House, he oversaw the election of two Speakers of the Commons, namely Betty Boothroyd and Michael Martin.
In August 2003, Heath suffered a pulmonary embolism, while on holiday in Salzburg, Austria. He lived in Salisbury until his death from pneumonia on the evening of July 17, 2005, at the age of 89. He was cremated on 25 July. As a tribute, the channel BBC Parliament reshowed the BBC coverage of the 1970 election the day after his death. A memorial service was held for Heath in Westminster Abbey on 8 November. Three days later his ashes were interred at Salisbury Cathedral
In January 2006, it was announced that Heath had left £5 million in his will, most of it bequeathed to a charitable foundation to conserve his 18th century home, Arundells, next to Salisbury Cathedral. As he had no descendants, he left only two legacies: to his brother's widow (£20,000) and his housekeeper (£2500) [2].
[edit] Other interests
Heath was a keen yachtsman. He bought his first yacht Morning Cloud in 1969 and won the Sydney to Hobart race that year. He captained Britain's winning team for the Admiral's Cup in 1971 (while Prime Minister) and also captained the team in 1979.
He also maintained a keen interest in classical music as an organist and conductor, famously installing a Steinway grand in 10 Downing Street and conducting annual carol concerts in his constituency. He conducted the London Symphony Orchestra and Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, and orchestras in Germany and the USA. Heath received honorary degrees from the Royal College of Music and Royal College of Organists.
He wrote three non-political books, Sailing, Music and Travels, and an autobiography, The Course of My Life.
[edit] Titles from birth
- Edward Heath, Esq (9 July 1916-1992)
- Lieutenant Colonel Edward Heath (1945)
- Lieutenant Colonel Edward Heath, MBE (1946)
- Edward Heath, Esq, MBE (?-23 February 1950)
- Edward Heath, Esq, MBE, MP (23 February 1950–1955)
- The Right Honourable Edward Heath, MBE, MP (1955–24 April 1992)
- The Right Honourable Sir Edward Heath, KG, MBE, MP (24 April 1992–7 June 2001)
- The Right Honourable Sir Edward Heath, KG, MBE (7 June 2001– 17 July 2005)
[edit] Nicknames
Heath was known to the public (even by his enemies) as 'Ted Heath' or simply as 'Ted'.
He was persistently referred to as "The Grocer", or "Grocer Heath" by magazine Private Eye after he negotiated for Britain at a Common Market food prices conference in November 1962. The nickname was used periodically but became a permanent fixture in the magazine after he fought the 1970 General Election on a promise to reduce the price of groceries.
Heath's disgruntlement at his overthrow by Margaret Thatcher, which endured throughout her leadership of the party, led to him being nicknamed "The Incredible Sulk". At the publication party for his memoirs Heath joked "The sulk is over."
For a minority of Eurosceptics he is called "Traitor Heath" because of their view that he betrayed the United Kingdom by giving away a measure of sovereignty while negotiating Britain's entry into the European Economic Community.
[edit] Edward Heath's Government (June 1970 – March 1974)
- Edward Heath — Prime Minister
- Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone — Lord Chancellor
- William Whitelaw — Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons
- Lord Jellicoe — Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords
- Iain Macleod — Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Alec Douglas-Home — Foreign Secretary
- Reginald Maudling — Home Secretary
- James Prior — Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
- Lord Carrington — Secretary of State for Defence
- Margaret Thatcher — Secretary of State for Education and Science
- Robert Carr — Secretary of State for Employment
- Peter Walker — Minister of Housing and Local Government
- Keith Joseph — Secretary of State for Health and Social Security
- Anthony Barber — Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
- Gordon Campbell — Secretary of State for Scotland
- Geoffrey Rippon — Secretary of State for Technology
- Michael Noble — President of the Board of Trade
- Peter Thomas — Secretary of State for Wales
[edit] Changes
- July 1970 — Iain Macleod dies, and is succeeded as Chancellor by Anthony Barber. Geoffrey Rippon succeeds Barber as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. John Davies succeeds Rippon as Secretary for Technology.
- October 1970 — The Ministry of Technology and the Board of Trade are merged to become the Department of Trade and Industry. John Davies becomes Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. Michael Noble leaves the cabinet. The Ministry of Housing and Local Government is succeeded by the new department of the Environment which was headed by Peter Walker.
- March 1972 — Robert Carr succeeds William Whitelaw as Lord President and Leader of the House of Commons. Maurice Macmillan succeeds Carr as Secretary for Employment. Whitelaw becomes Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.
- July 1972 — Robert Carr succeeds Reginald Maudling as Home Secretary. James Prior succeeds Robert Carr as Lord President and Leader of the House of Commons. Joseph Godber succeeds Prior as Secretary for Agriculture.
- November 1972 — Geoffrey Rippon succeeds Peter Walker as Secretary for the Environment. John Davies succeeds Rippon as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Peter Walker succeeds Davies as Secretary for Trade and Industry. Geoffrey Howe becomes Minister for Trade and Consumer Affairs with a seat in the cabinet.
- June 1973 — Lord Windlesham succeeds Lord Jellicoe as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords.
- December 1973 — William Whitelaw succeeds Maurice Macmillan as Secretary for Employment. Francis Pym succeeds Whitelaw as Secretary for Northern Ireland. Macmillan becomes Paymaster-General.
- January 1974 — Ian Gilmour succeeds Lord Carrington as Secretary for Defence; Lord Carrington becomes Secretary of State for Energy.
[edit] Political offices
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- Ball, Stuart & Seldon, Anthony (Editors) The Heath Government: 1970-1974: A Reappraisal (London: Longman, 1996).
- Campbell, John Edward Heath: A Biography (London: Jonathan Cape, 1993).
- Heath, Edward The Course of My Life (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1998).
- Holmes, Martin The Failure of the Heath Government (Basingstoke: Longman, 1997).
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