Economic geography

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Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the Earth. It focuses on the location of industries and retail and wholesale businesses, on transportation and trade, and on the changing value of real estate. Courses in economic geography may cover such topics as transportation, agriculture, industrial location, world trade, and the spatial organization and function of business activity.

Contents 1 Areas of study 1.1 Approaches to study 2 Subdivision 3 History of economic geography 4 Further reading 5 Scientific Journals 6 See also

[edit] Areas of study

The distribution of economic activities on Earth is influenced by many environmental, social, political, historical and other factors. Geology can affect resource availability, geomorphology the cost of transportation, and the quality of soil land use decisions. Climate can influence natural resource availability (forestry products) and location or type of agriculture (see growing region). The social and political institutions that are unique to a particular region also have an impact on economic decisions.

Economic geography research focuses on the study of spatial aspects of economic activities on various scales. The distance to the city (or Central business district) as a marketplace with demand for products plays a significant role in economic decisions of firms while other factors such as access to the sea and the presence of raw materials like oil affects the economic conditions of countries. Singapore, for example, occupies a key position as a seaport, while the wealth of Saudi Arabia depends almost entirely on oil.

In today's world location, distribution and character of economic activities is much influenced by globalization. States and their borders play less significant role as many countries tend to eliminate the effects of borders and deepen the mutual cooperation of border regions that are often economically marginal and underdeveloped. The best example is the creation of European Union. Significant characteristics is also the occurrence of large business clusters that are forming around the world.

[edit] Approaches to study

• Behavioral economic geography examines the cognitive processes underlying spatial reasoning, locational decision making, and behavior of firms and individuals.
• Historical economic geography examines history and the development of spatial economic structure.
• Regional economic geography examines the economic conditions of particular regions or countries of the world. It deals with economic regionalisation as well.
• Theoretical economic geography focuses on building theories about spatial arrangement and distribution of economic activities.

[edit] Subdivision

Thematically economic geography can be divided into these subdisciplines:

• Geography of agriculture
• Geography of industry
• Geography of services
• Geography of transportation
• and others

However, their areas of study may overlap with another geographical sciences or may be considered on their own.

[edit] History of economic geography

In the history of economic geography there were many influences coming mainly from economics and geographical sciences.

First traces of the study of spatial aspects of economic activities on Earth can be found in Strabo's Geographika written almost 2000 years ago.

During the period known in geography as environmental determinism notable (though later much criticized) influence came from Ellsworth Huntington and his theory of climatic determinism.

Valuable contributions came from location theorists such as Johann Heinrich von Thünen or Alfred Weber. Other influential theories were Walter Christaller's Central place theory, the theory of core and periphery.

Big impact on economic geography had the Fred K. Schaefer's article Exceptionalism in geography: A Methodological Examination published in american journal Annals (Association of American Geographers) and his critique of regionalism. The article became a rallying point for the younger generation of economic geographers who were intent on reinventing the discipline as a science. Quantitative methods became prevailing in research. Well-known economic geographers of this period are William Garrison, Brian Berry, Waldo Tobler, Peter Hagget, William Bunge and others.

Contemporary economic geographers tend to specialize in areas such as location theory and spatial analysis (with the help of geographic information systems), market research, geography of transportation, land or real estate price evaluation, regional and global development, planning and others.

[edit] Further reading

• Lloyd, P. E. - Dicken, P.: Location in space - A Theoretical Approach to Economic Geography., Second Edition. Harper & Row Ltd, London, 1977.
• Dicken, P.: Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century., Fourth Edition. The Guilford Press, 2003.

[edit] Scientific Journals

Economic Geography - founded and published quarterly at Clark University since 1925
Journal of Economic Geography - published by Oxford University Press since 2001
Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie - The German Journal of Economic Geography published since 1956.
Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie (TESG) - Published by The Royal Dutch Geographical Society (KNAG) since 1948.

[edit] See also

• list of economic geography topics
• location theory
• spatial analysis
• development geography
• regional science
• Business cluster
• Gravity model of trade