Eastern Armenian language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| History of the Armenian language (see also: Armenian alphabet) |
| Proto-Armenian (c. 1000 BC)
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| Classical Armenian (from 405)
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| Post-Classical Armenian (c. 500–800)
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| Pre-Middle Armenian (c. 800–1100)
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| Middle Armenian (c. 1100–1700)
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| Modern Armenian (c. 1820) Eastern Armenian Western Armenian |
Eastern Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian (an Indo-European language), spoken in the Caucasus Mountains (particularly in the Republic of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh) and in the Armenian community in Iran. It was developed in the early 19th century and is based on the dialect of the Ararat district (of Russian-Armenia).
Contents |
[edit] Phonology
[edit] Vowels
[edit] Monophthongs
Eastern Armenian has seven monophthong vowel sounds.
| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | ||
| Close | i (ի) | ʏ (իւ)[1] | u (ու) | ||
| Mid | ɛ (է, ե) [2] | ə (ը) | o (ո, օ)[2] | ||
| Open | ɑ (ա) | ||||
- ^ This vowel is not used by Eastern Armenian speakers from the Republic of Armenia; in reformed Armenian orthography this sound is replaced by the diphthong ju and is spelled <յու>.
- ^ a b The choice of Armenian symbol depends on the vowel's context in the word. See the Orthography section below for details.
[edit] Consonants
This is the Eastern Armenian Consonantal System using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), followed by the corresponding Armenian letter in parentheses.
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m (մ) | n (ն) | |||||||
| Plosive | Aspirated | pʰ (փ) | tʰ (թ) | kʰ (ք) | |||||
| Ejective | pʼ (պ) | tʼ (տ) | kʼ (կ) | ||||||
| Voiced | b (բ) | d (դ) | g (գ) | ||||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | f (ֆ) | s (ս) | ʃ (շ) | χ (խ) | h (հ, յ)[3] | |||
| Voiced | v (վ , ւ , ու, ո)[4] | z (զ) | ʒ (ժ) | ʁ (ղ) | |||||
| Approximant | ɹ (ր)[5] | j (յ, ե, ի, է)[6] | |||||||
| Flap | ɾ (ռ)[7] | ||||||||
| Lateral approximant | l (լ) | ||||||||
| Affricate | Aspirated | tsʰ (ց) | tʃʰ (չ) | ||||||
| Ejective | tsʼ (ծ) | tʃʼ (ճ) | |||||||
| Voiced | dz (ձ) | ʤ (ջ) | |||||||
- ^ This vowel is not used by Eastern Armenian speakers from the Republic of Armenia; in reformed Armenian orthography this sound is replaced by the diphthong ju and is spelled <յու>.
- ^ a b The choice of Armenian symbol depends on the vowel's context in the word. See the Orthography section below for details.
- ^ In traditional orthography, [h] is written in one of two ways, depending on its context. In reformed orthography, [h] is written only one way, <հ>.
- ^ In traditional orthography, [v] is written in one of four ways, depending on its context. In reformed orthography, [v] is written only one way, <վ>.
- ^ In practice, only Iranian-Armenians say [ɹ]; Eastern Armenians from the Republic of Armenia have shifted the Classical Armenian [ɹ] (ր) to [ɾ].
- ^ In traditional orthography, [j] is written in a number of ways, depending on its context. In reformed orthography, [j] is written only one way, <յ>.
- ^ Eastern Armenians from the Republic of Armenia also use <ր> for this sound, due to a sound shift from Classical Armenian [ɹ] (ր) to [ɾ].
The phonology of Eastern Armenian preserves the Classical Armenian three-way distinction in stops and affricates: one voiced and two voiceless — an aspirated and an ejective voiceless. Compare this to the phonology of the Western Armenian language, which has kept only a two-way distinction: one voiced and one aspirated voiceless. (See the Differences in Phonology from Classical and Eastern Armenian in the Western Armenian language article for details.)
[edit] Orthography
The Eastern Armenian language is written using either Traditional Armenian Orthography or Reformed Armenian Orthography. The controversial reformed orthography was developed during the 1920s in Soviet Armenia and is in widespread use today by Eastern Armenian speakers in the Republic of Armenia. Eastern Armenian speakers in Iran continue to use the traditional orthography. Nevertheless, writings of either form are mutually intelligible, since the difference between the two orthographies is not large.
[edit] Morphology
[edit] Nouns
Eastern Armenian nouns have seven cases, one more than Western Armenian. They are: Nominative (subject), Accusative (direct object), Genitive (possession), Dative (indirect object), Ablative (origin), Instrumental (means) and Locative (position). Of the seven cases, the nominative and accusative, with exceptions, are the same, and the genitive and dative are the same, meaning that nouns have mostly five distinct forms for case. Nouns in Armenian also decline for number (singular and plural), but do not decline for gender (i.e. masculine or feminine).
Declension in Armenian is based on how the genitive is formed. There are several declensions, but two are the most used (genitive in i, and genitive in u):
| /daʃt/ (field) | gaɹi (barley) | |||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative-Accusative | /daʃt/ | /daʃteɹ/ | /gaɹi/ | /garineɹ/ |
| Genitive-Dative | /daʃti/ | /daʃteri/ | /gaɹu/ | /gaɹineɹi/ |
| Ablative | /daʃtiʦʰ/ | /daʃteriʦʰ/ | /gaɹuʦʰ/ | /gaɹineɹiʦʰ/ |
| Instrumental | /daʃtov/ | /daʃteɹov/ | /gaɹov/ | /gaɹineɹov/ |
| Locative | /daʃtum/ | /daʃteɹum/ | /gaɹum/ | /gaɹineɹum/ |
Two notes:
First, notice that the Ablative form in Eastern Armenian is /-iʦ/, where it is -ê in Western Armenian:
Abl.sg WA karê/EA /gaɹuʦʰ/
Second, notice that in Western Armenian, the plural forms followed the u-declension, while in Eastern Armenian the plural forms follow the i-declension:
Gen.pl WA karineru/EA /gaɹineɹi/
[edit] Articles
Like some other languages such as English, Armenian has definite and indefinite articles. The indefinite article in Eastern Armenian is /mi/, which precedes the noun:
mi giɹkʰ ('a book', Nom.sg), /mi gɹkʰi/ ('of a book', Gen.sg)
The definite article is a suffix attached to the noun, and is one of two forms, either /-ə/or /-n/, depending on whether the final sound is a vowel or a consonant, and whether a preceding word begins with a vowel or consonant:
/maɹdə/ ('the man', Nom.sg)
/gaɹin/ ('the barley' Nom.sg)
but:
/sa maɹdn e/ ('This is the man')
/sa gaɹin e/('This is the barley')
[edit] Adjectives
Adjectives in Armenian do not decline for case or number, and precede the noun:
/lav giɹkʰə ('the good book', Nom.sg)
/lav gɹkʰin ('to the good book', Gen.sg)
[edit] Verbs
Verbs in Armenian are based on two basic series of forms, a "present" form and a "imperfect" form. From this, all other tenses and moods are formed with various particles and constructions. There is a third form, the preterite, which in Armenian is tense in its own right, and takes no other particles or constructions. (See also Armenian verbs and Eastern Armenian verb table for more detailed information.)
The present tense in Eastern Armenian is based on two conjugations (a, e). In Eastern Armenian, the distinct conjugations in e and i merged as e.
| /linel/
|
siɹel
|
kaɹdal
|
|
| present participle | /siɹum/ | /kaɹdum/ | |
| /jes/ (I) | /em/ | /siɹem/ | /kaɹdam/ |
| /du/ (you. sg) | /es/ | /siɹes/ | /kaɹdas/ |
| /na/ (he/she/it) | /e/ | /siɹi/ | /kaɹda/ |
| /menkʰ/ (we) | /enkʰ/ | /siɹenkʰ/ | /kaɹdankʰ/ |
| /dukʰ/ (you.pl) | /ekʰ/ | /siɹekʰ/ | /kaɹdakʰ/ |
| /nɹankʰ/ (they) | /en/ | /siɹen/ | /kaɹdan/ |
The present tense (as we know it in English) is made by adding the present tense of linel after the present participle form of the verb:
jes kaɹdum em giɹkʰə/ (I am reading the book)
jes siɹum em ajd giɹkʰə/ (I love this book)
[edit] See also
- Armenian language
- Armenian verbs
- Eastern Armenian verb table
- Western Armenian language
- Western Armenia
- Eastern Armenia
- Language families and languages
