Duple Coachbuilders
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Duple was best known as a manufacturer of coach and bus bodywork from 1919 until 1989.
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[edit] History
Duple Bodies & Motors Ltd was formed in 1919 by Herbert White in Hornsey, London. Before World War 1 he had briefly built cars under the Bifort name in Fareham, Hampshire.
[edit] Early days
The name 'Duple' is intended to convey the principle of a single vehicle being suitable for a dual role, an idea Mr. White developed. The first vehicle of this type was called the Bifort. Subsequently, former military Ford Model T's were fitted with the newly designed dual-purpose bodywork. The bodies looked like a small touring car, but could be transformed into a van by removing the decking at the rear of the car and fitting a van top. This type of vehicle had enormous appeal to the owners of small businesses, who were able to obtain a working vehicle and private car for little extra, and soon bodywork of this type was being produced in substantial numbers.
In 1926 a new factory was opened in Hendon to meet growing demand.
Coachwork had been built on occasions since the inception of the Company, but in 1928 it was decided to make an effort to increase output of this body type substantially. As a result the order book began to grow and within ten years the number of people employed had grown to around 800.
In 1928, W. E. Brown, a former partner in the Strachan & Brown bodybuilding business, joined the firm, and he had a major influence on the Company's future expansion.
Major clients of this period included Great Western Railway, who ordered a number of bodies for its expanding bus fleet, and Elliot Brothers' Royal Blue fleet.
[edit] 'Thirties
By 1930 the total number of coach and bus bodies produced was 250, establishing Duple as an emerging bodybuilder of some stature, whose distinctive design features were able to influence national trends.
The depression of the 1930s coupled with the introduction of the 1930 Road Traffic Act brought about changes in the bodybuilding sector. This led to a stabilising of the transport industry, with established operators feeling secure now that the threat of unregulated competition had been removed by the licensing system. Accordingly there was a trend towards vehicles with higher standards of finish and more comfortable interiors.
In 1930 Duple received the largest single order to date - an order for 50 bodies to be fitted to the AEC Regal chassis of Green Line Coaches, the newly established express service arm of the London General Omnibus Company.
In August 1931, two Bedford passenger chassis (the 14-seat WHB and 20-seat WLB) were announced. Duple had built early bodies on the WLB chassis for the Vauxhall Motors (the parent company of Bedford), and was listed in publicity material as one of the four bodybuilders recommended for the WLB chassis. As demand for the type rose, Duple's capability for production in quantity set them apart from other competitors, and soon Duple-bodied Bedford WLB's were in service around the country. The association with Bedford was subsequently to last over 50 years.
In 1932 Duple acquired the business of London Lorries, who, despite the name, were heavily involved in the manufacture of coach bodies.
By the middle of the 1930s Duple was widely regarded as a coachbuilder, although bus bodies were still produced in quite large numbers.
Export business had been developed early, based mainly on the travels of the Duple directors, including W. E. Brown, who had already been to the United States and Canada and now embarked on a Mediterranean tour, taking in Greece, Syria and Egypt. Export orders were also received in quantity from East Africa, Argentina and closer to home in Europe. This in part helped to compensate for the reduced demand for UK bodywork, which tended to be seasonal.
By 1934, the original site had become inadequate and 3½ acres of adjoining land was purchased for expansion.
The late 1930s saw the era of the classic coach design, with operators becoming increasingly conscious of the appearance of their coaches. Many coach bodies were of individual design, but readily identifiable as Duple. The introduction of sloping pillars, curving roof- and waistlines along with shaped mouldings on the side panels all contributed to a new 'aerodynamic' style that was increasing in popularity. Although coachwork continued to be Duple's main output, single-deck bus bodies formed a good part of the production from the mid-1930s, with one customer, Barton Transport, placing a bulk order for such bodies to be delivered over an extended period.
In 1936, Duple introduced the Vista design of bodywork, primarily for the Bedford WTB chassis. It had curved roof- and waistlines, and featured a sliding roof as standard. In 1937 a revised design of the Vista - the Vista II - was introduced together with a new design - the Hendonian. Both of these remained in production until the end of the decade.
In 1939 Bedford introduced a new range of goods models, which included the 'O', with characteristic 'bullnose' grille. The passenger version was named the 'OB' and Duple modified the Hendonian body to fit the chassis, which at 14ft 6ins, was longer than the WTB. With the advent of World War II, Bedford production was turned over to the war effort, with only 73 OB chassis produced, and it was not until after cessation of hostilities that the Bedford OB with Duple Vista bodywork was to become a familiar sight on British roads.
[edit] Wartime
During the Second World War as a member of the London Aircraft Production Group, Duple built fuselages for the Halifax bomber, along with a variety of military products. Duple also built double-deck highbridge and lowbridge buses to utility specifications, and the only new single-deck vehicle to be produced from 1942 to 1945, the Bedford OWB.
[edit] Postwar Expansion
In 1946 the name of the business was changed to Duple Motor Bodies Limited.
The first postwar production model to appear was the Duple Vista body on the Bedford OB chassis. The standard seating capacity soon became 29-seat, although models with differing capacities were still available. The Vista coachwork remained Duple's standard OB body until production of the OB chassis ceased in the early 1950s.
Deliveries of Duple bodywork on full-sized chassis (such as the AEC Regal) began in May 1946, and were known as the A-type, although its curved lines had their origin in the prewar period, so it was not strictly a new design. It was not long before the order book was filled for several years ahead. Postwar rebodying became common practice as new chassis were initially hard to obtain and Duple built many A-type bodies on different chassis that helped to make it, with its distinctive side 'flash', a familiar sight in postwar Britain. Alternative styles were available, all with alphabetic codes, such as the B-type and C-types, which differed in detail only and were regarded as 'dual-purpose' bodies, whilst the D-type was Duple's own design of bus body.
After the War there was a move towards metal-framed bodies, partly because of their greater durability and partly because of a shortage of timber for traditional bodywork. Duple designed a metal-framed body (the Almet) for export models on the OB chassis, as well as producing a body design for the new SB chassis, then under development. By 1948, Duple had developed a metal-framed double-deck body, examples of which were delivered to the Red & White group and SMT.
[edit] 'Fifties
In 1950 a range of full-fronted coach bodies named the 'Ambassador' was produced, but with the change in maximum permitted length for coaches to 30ft and the maximum width to 8ft, a series of new designs was prepared. Many were given names, such as the Roadmaster and Vega, all intended for use on specific chassis. The Roadmaster was particularly unlike anything Duple had previously produced, with its high, straight waistline and small windows. It earned the nickname 'Iron Duke' and was intended for underfloor engined chassis, hence the higher waistline. The Vega was intended for the new production model of the Bedford SB, and the bodywork featured a gentle curving waistline typical of Duple.
The 1950s brought a difficult time for the bodybuilding industry, caused mainly by an end in the increased postwar demand that created a rapid drop in orders. Competition for the remaining orders now became intense. Many of Duple's former customers were now in the Tilling Group that standardised on Bristol chassis and ECW bodywork. Disputes among union labour resulted in a 36-week strike that was catastrophic for Duple. It began to lose significant amounts of business to other companies and a move out of London was considered.
In 1952 Duple acquired Nudd Brothers & Lockyer Limited, based in Kegworth. The newly acquired firm was used to produce metal-framed bodies in the Duple standard range.
Further premises were acquired in Loughborough in 1955, and in 1956 the Kenworth and Loughborough factories were re-named Duple Motor Bodies (Midland) Limited. In 1958, the business of Willowbrook Limited, of Loughborough was acquired, although the business continued to operate under its own name for some time.
Throughout this period Duple continued to produce new body designs; the Elizabethan, for underfloor-engined chassis, was introduced in 1953; the Britannia, based on the Elizabethan but with vertical pillars, was introduced in 1955 and the Donington, for dual-purpose use, was added to the list in 1956. The designs for Bedford chassis had continued to be produced, now known as Super Vista and Super Vega.
[edit] 'Sixties Moves
The business of H. V. Burlingham Limited, of Blackpool, best known for the 'Seagull' body of the 1950s, was taken over in August 1960, adding a Northern arm to Duple's production. The Burlingham name was retained until 1962, when it became Duple Motor Bodies (Northern) Limited.
Towards the end of 1961 Bedford introduced the VAS chassis and Duple produced a completely new design - the Bella Vista - for it. That year the maximum permitted length for coaches was increased to 36ft and the maximum width to 8ft 2½ins and Duple (Northern) designed and produced the Continental, with seats for up to 51 passengers. When Bedford announced the six-wheeled VAL in 1962, Duple introduced the Vega Major. For 1964 Duple introduced the Commander, initially built at Hendon but switched to Blackpool later, and in 1966 the Viceroy range replaced the Bella series on most Bedford or Ford chassis.
From 1968 Duple coach production was concentrated at Blackpool, and the company was re-named Duple Coachbuilders Limited. The Hendon factory finally closed in 1970. The Willowbrook subsidiary continued in business under its own name until it was sold in 1971.
[edit] Dominant 'Seventies
At the 1972 Commercial Motor Show, Duple introduced a new range of bodies called the Dominant, which were similar in appearance to the Plaxton Panorama Elite, already in production since 1968. The Plaxton Supreme range was introduced in 1974, and in response Duple introduced the Dominant II in 1976 with a restyled front and rear end by Michelotti of Turin. The style was cleaner with rectangular headlamps in an integrated grille panel and a much deeper windscreen and driver's window. The Dominant and Supreme body styles were the ubiquitous British coach of the period, with very little competition other than small numbers from Willowbrook. The thought of importing coach bodies from abroad was only just being considered towards the end of the decade.
[edit] The story concludes
The early 1980s saw the introduction of 'de-regulation' of coach services over 30 miles in length. A growing trend towards heavier duty chassis that had been found to be more reliable for the high mileage and fast speeds of the motorway caused the market for light coach chassis from Bedford and Ford to collapse in 1981. Duple's output fell from 1000 bodies in 1976, to 800 in 1980, and to just over 500 bodies in 1981, which resulted in a reduction in the workforce.
In 1980 the Dominant range was extended with the Dominant III and IV. Both had similar front ends to the Dominant II, but with reduced brightwork and bumpers. The Dominant III had high-set forward angled trapezoid windows with thick pillars. Features of all four versions could be mixed and matched. In 1981 the Goldliner was introduced. This was similar to the Dominant, but with a higher floor to allow increased luggage accommodation and improved passenger sightseeing. The initial Goldliner styling featured a stepped roof behind the entrance door, and was available in Goldliner II, III and IV designations, similar to the Dominant designations. In 1982 the Super Goldliner was introduced for a fleet of twelve rear-engined Dennis Falcon V coaches developed in conjunction with Dennis and the National Bus Company for high-speed Rapide service. The project was conceived and developed in very short time, allowing inadequate development, and the resultant vehicles developed a reputation for poor reliability. The Super Goldliner styling, including a continuous flat roof that accommodated in place of the stepped roof, was mixed and matched on subsequent Goldliner vehicles.
The imports of foreign makes, such as Neoplan, Bova, Van Hool and Jonckheere began to make inroads into the UK market. To compete with the imports two new body designs - the Laser and the Caribbean - were introduced in 1982. The Laser was a normal floor body that resembled the Dominant, but with a rounder front and body-colored front grille. The Caribbean was a high-floor design with a very square appearance. The Calypso was added in 1983, and was a low-floor version of the Caribbean on a Bova underframe. These new designs did little to halt the slide in production and in 1983 Duple output was just 340 bodies.
In June 1983 Duple was sold to the Hestair group, which had already acquired the long established business of Dennis Brothers of Guildford. Duple was re-named Hestair Duple and the Laser and Caribbean were given a facelift to try to improve their popularity. In 1985 a new coach model, known as the 300-series, was introduced. A bus version of the 300 was inroduced in 1987, replacing the successful Dominant bus that had continued in production after the coach version had been replaced. A new integral coach of exciting design, with Dennis running units was added soon after. Known as the Duple 425, it was greeted with some much-needed enthusiasm. However, the close tie-in with Dennis as chassis maker made dealers of other chassis manufacturers reluctant to use Duple coachwork. The business continued to struggle, but the deregulation of bus services in 1986 caused uncertainty amongst bus operators and as a result little investment in new vehicles was made. By 1988 Duple's output was just 250 bodies. At the October 1988 Motor Show Dennis introduced the Dennis Dart, a midibus chassis that would go on to be one of Britain's most successful buses. Duple displayed a bus body for the chassis that was based on the 300-series, but with a distictive front design featuring a stepped windscreen and curved lower panel.
In November 1988 Hestair announced that they were selling the Dennis and Duple businesses to a management buyout team operating under the name Trinity Holdings. The company was re-named Duple International. With declining coach sales, attempts were made to increase the sale of the bus bodywork, including plans for a design for the Scania N113. However, in July 1989 the decision was made to close down the Duple operation. The jigs for the Duple 300-series and the Duple 425 integral were sold to domestic rival Plaxton. Plaxton also bought Duple Services Ltd., the spares and repair business. The Duple body designs for the Dartline were sold to the Carlyle Group. Thus ended 70 years of Duple Motor Bodies Limited.
[edit] Company names in different times
- Duple Bodies & Motors Ltd 1919-1946
- Duple Motor Bodies Limited 1946-1968
- Duple Motor Bodies (Midland) Limited
- Duple Motor Bodies (Northern) Limited
- Duple Coachbuilders Limited 1968-1983
- Hestair Duple 1983-1989
- Trinity Holdings 1989
[edit] Products
(All were coach bodies unless specified)
- Vista, Vista II, Vista III, Super Vista
- Hendonian
- A-type
- B-type (dual-purpose)
- C-type (dual-purpose)
- D-Type (bus)
- Ambassador
- Roadmaster
- Vega, Super Vega
- Elizabethan
- Britannia
- Donington (dual-purpose)
- Bella Vista
- Vega Major
- Commander
- Viceroy
- Dominant, Dominant II, Dominant III, Dominant IV (the first 2 were also built as bus bodies)
- Goldliner, Super Goldliner
- Caribbean
- Laser
- Calypso
- 320
- 340
- 425 - with running units from Dennis
- 300 (bus)
- Dartline (bus) - for Dennis Dart
[edit] Competitors
- Plaxton
- H. V. Burlingham Limited
- Willowbrook
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Townsin, A. A. (1997). Duple: 70 Years of Coachbuilding. Venture Publications Ltd. ISBN 1-898432-46-5
- Ogden, Eric (1976). Duple: A Pictorial Survey of Their Activities from the Twenties with a Brief History. Transport Publishing Company. ISBN 0-903839-12-1
