Donald III of Scotland
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| Domnall III | ||
|---|---|---|
| King of Scots | ||
| Reign | 1093–1097 | |
| Full name | Domnall mac Donnchada | |
| Born | before 1040 | |
| Died | 1097 or later | |
| Buried | Iona | |
| Predecessor | Máel Coluim mac Donnchada | |
| Heir-Presumptive | Edmund | |
| Successor | Edgar | |
| Father | Donnchad mac Crínáin | |
| Mother | Suthen | |
Domnall mac Donnchada or Domnall Bán (anglicised Donald III) (Donald Bain) (before 1040–1097 or later) was King of Scots.[1] He was the second known son of Donnchad mac Crínáin.
Domnall's activities during the reign of his elder brother Máel Coluim are not recorded. It appears that he was not his brother's chosen heir, contrary to earlier custom, but that Máel Coluim had designated Edward, his eldest son by Margaret, as the king to come.[2] If this was Máel Coluim's intent, his death and that of Edward on campaign in Northumbria in November 1093 confounded his plans. These deaths were followed very soon afterwards by that of Queen Margaret.
John of Fordun reports that Domnall invaded the kingdom after Margaret's death "at the head of a numerous band", and laid siege to Edinburgh with Máel Coluim and Margaret's sons inside. Fordun has Edgar Ætheling, concerned for his nephews' well-being, take the sons of Máel Coluim and Margaret to England.[3] Andrew of Wyntoun's much simpler account has Domnall become king and banish his nephews. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records only that Domnall was chosen as king and expelled the English from the court.[4]
In May 1094, Domnall's nephew Donnchad, son of Máel Coluim and his first wife Ingibiorg Finnsdottir, invaded at the head of an army of Anglo-Normans and Northumbrians, aided by his half-brother Edmund and his father-in-law Gospatric. This invasion succeeded in placing Donnchad on the throne, but an uprising defeated his allies and he was compelled to send away his foreign troops. Donnchad was killed on 12 November 1094 by Máel Petair, Mormaer of Mearns.[5] The Annals of Ulster say that Donnchad was killed on the orders of Domnall (incorrectly called his brother) and Edmund.[6]
Domnall resumed power, probably with Edmund as his designated heir.[7] Domnall was an elderly man by the standards of the day, approaching sixty years old, and without any known sons, so that an heir was clearly required. William of Malmesbury says that Edmund bargained "for half the kingdom", suggesting that Domnall granted his nephew an appanage to rule.[8]
Edgar, eldest of Máel Coluim and Margaret's exiled sons, obtained the support of William Rufus, although other matters delayed Edgar's return on the coat-tails of an English army led by his uncle Edgar Ætheling.[9] Domnall's fate is not entirely clear. William of Malmesbury tells us that he was "slain by the craftiness of David ... and by the strength of William [Rufus]".[10] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says of Domnall that he was expelled,[11] while the Annals of Tigernach have him blinded by his brother.[12] John of Fordun, following the king-lists, writes that Domnall was "blinded, and doomed to eternal imprisonment" by Edgar. The place of his imprisonment was said to be Rescobie, by Forfar, in Angus.[13] The sources differ as to whether Domnall was first buried at Dunfermline Abbey or Dunkeld Cathedral, but agree that his remains were later moved to Iona.
While no sons of Domnall are known, Hextilda, daughter of Domnall's daughter Bethóc, married Richard Comyn, Justiciar of Lothian. The claims of John II Comyn, Lord of Badenoch to the crown in the Great Cause came from Domnall through Bethóc and Hextilda.[14] Ladhmann son of Domnall, "grandson of the King of Scots", who died in 1116 might have been a son of Domnall.[15]
The minor character of Donalbain in William Shakespeare's play Macbeth represents Domnall.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Domnall's elder brother Máel Coluim is presumed to have been between two and ten years of age in 1040; Duncan, p. 42. Walter Bower's Scotichronicon says that Domnall passed his exile during the reign of Mac Bethad in the Hebrides, but this is unlikely given his age; McDonald, p. 104.
- ^ Scottish Annals, p. 112, quoting Symeon of Durham; Duncan, p. 54; Oram, David I, p. 39.
- ^ Fordun, V, xxi.
- ^ Scottish Annals, pp.117–118; Oram, David I, pp. 40–41.
- ^ Oram, David I, pp. 42–44.
- ^ Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1094.
- ^ Duncan, pp. 55–56; Oram, David I, pp. 44–45.
- ^ Anderson, SAEC, pp. 118–119.
- ^ Oram, David I, p. 45.
- ^ Anderson, SAEC, p. 119.
- ^ Anderson, SAEC, p. 119.
- ^ Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1097.
- ^ Fordun, V, xxvi; Duncan, pp. 57–58; Oram, David I, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Duncan, pp. 241, 270, & 348–349.
- ^ Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1116; McDonald, p. 23. He may equally have been a son of Domnall, son of Máel Coluim who died in 1085, who may have been a son of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada or of Máel Coluim mac Maíl Brigti.
[edit] References
- Anderson, Alan Orr, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500–1286. D. Nutt, London, 1908.
- Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
- John of Fordun, Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, ed. William Forbes Skene, tr. Felix J.H. Skene, 2 vols. Reprinted, Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993. ISBN 1-897853-05-X
- McDonald, R. Andrew, Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058–1266. Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 2003. ISBN 1-86232-236-8
- Oram, Richard, David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Tempus, Stroud, 2004. ISBN 0-7524-2825-X
- Oram, Richard, The Canmores: Kings & Queens of the Scots 1040–1290. Tempus, Stroud, 2002. ISBN 0-7524-2325-8
| Preceded by: Máel Coluim mac Donnchada |
King of Scots 1093–1094 |
Succeeded by: Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim |
| Preceded by: Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim |
King of Scots 1094–1097 |
Succeeded by: Edgar |
