Discovery Institute

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

You have new messages (last change).
Part of the series on
Intelligent design
Concepts

Irreducible complexity
Specified complexity
Fine-tuned universe
Intelligent designer
Theistic realism
Intelligent design movement

Discovery Institute
Center for Science and Culture
Wedge strategy
Critical Analysis of Evolution
Teach the Controversy
Intelligent design in politics
Santorum Amendment

The Discovery Institute is a think tank structured as a non-profit foundation, founded in 1990 and based in Seattle, Washington, USA. The stated mission of the organization is to, "make a positive vision of the future practical."[1]

The Discovery Institute is the primary promoter of intelligent design;[2][3][4] other interests include transportation, telecommunications policy and international cooperation in the Cascadia region. The Discovery Institute conducts legislative lobbying and testimony, public conferences and debates, media coverage, produces its own publications and conducts grassroots lobbying to influence public opinion. Financially, the institute is a 501(c)3 charity funded primarily by philanthropic foundation grants and also corporate and individual contributions and the dues of Institute members.

The institute has been at the center of a number of controversies regarding its role in the intelligent design movement and what critics and the media allege is a hidden religious agenda.

Contents

[edit] History

The Discovery Institute was founded in 1990 as a non-profit educational foundation and think tank based upon the Christian apologetics of C.S. Lewis. It was founded as a branch of the Hudson Institute, an Indianapolis-based conservative think tank, and is named after the Royal Navy ship HMS Discovery in which George Vancouver explored Puget Sound in 1792.

In 1966 the institute's founder and president, Bruce Chapman and Harvard roommate George Gilder, participated in the Ripon Society, a group for Republican liberals, and collaborated on Advance, dubbed "the unofficial Republican magazine," which criticized the party from within for catering to segregationists, John Birchers, and other "extremists". Following their graduation, Chapman and Gilder advanced their "progressive" Republican campaign in their 1966 polemic book The Party That Lost Its Head. The book critiqued Barry Goldwater’s 1964 presidential candidacy and dismissed the GOP’s embrace of rising star Ronald Reagan as the party's hope to "usurp reality with the fading world of the class-B movie." The Party That Lost Its Head denounced Goldwater’s conservative backers for their "rampant" and "paranoid distrust" of intellectuals. The book labeled the Goldwater campaign a "brute assault on the entire intellectual world," and places the blame for this development on what they viewed as a wrong political tactic: "In recent years the Republicans as a party have been alienating intellectuals deliberately, as a matter of taste and strategy." Chapman moved to the right in the Reagan administration,[5] where he served as director of the Census Bureau. Chapman left the Census Bureau to work in the White House under Reagan adviser Edwin Meese III - now a Discovery Institute Adjunct Fellow,[6] and was appointed U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Organizations in Vienna.[7]

Co-founder and Senior Fellow George Gilder wrote several books addressing culture, technology, and poverty, including, “Visible Man,” (1978) which criticised American culture for its failure to promote the ideals of the traditional nuclear family.[8] His next work, “Wealth and Poverty,” (1981), was cited by President Ronald Reagan[9][10]. Gilder’s later books have dealt more with developments in technology, such as “Microcosm” (1990) and “Life After Television” (1994).

By 1996, having formed a plan for a think tank opposed to materialism with Stephen C. Meyer and George Gilder in 1993-94, Chapman had secured money in the form of a grant from Howard Ahmanson, Jr. and the MacLellan Foundation. Meyer had previously tutored Ahmanson's son in science and Meyer recalls being asked by Ahmanson "What could you do if you had some financial backing?" [11] $750,000 over three years from the Ahmansons and a smaller grant from the conservative Christian MacLellan Foundation was used to fund the institute's Center for Science and Culture, then called the Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture, which went on to form the motive force behind the intelligent design movement.

[edit] Organization

The institute is headed by Bruce Chapman, president. Vice presidents are Steven J. Buri, and Stephen C. Meyer (who also serves as an institute senior fellow and the program director of the Center for Science and Culture).

Its board of directors includes notable social and religious conservative Howard Ahmanson, Jr., influential local businesspeople Tom Alberg, William Baldwin, Mike Vaska, opinion and policy makers like former U.S. Senator Slade Gorton and Christopher Bayley.

[edit] Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture

Main article: Center for Science and Culture

The Center for Science and Culture (CSC), formerly known as the Center for Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC), is a division of the Discovery Institute. The Institute’s most important subsidiary is the CSC, established in 1996 with the assistance of Phillip E. Johnson in order to advance the Wedge strategy. Chapman calls the CSC "our No. 1 project."[12] [13]

The CSC offers lucrative fellowships of up to $60,000 a year for "support of significant and original research in the natural sciences, the history and philosophy of science, cognitive science and related fields." Since its founding in 1996, the institute's CSC has spent 39 percent of its $9.3 million on research according to Meyer, underwriting books or papers, or often just paying universities to release professors from some teaching responsibilities so that they can ponder intelligent design. Over those nine years, $792,585 financed laboratory or field research in biology, paleontology or biophysics, while $93,828 helped graduate students in paleontology, linguistics, history and philosophy. The CSC lobbies aggressively to policymakers for wider acceptance of intelligent design and against the theory of evolution and what it terms "scientific materialism." To that end the CSC works to advance a policy it terms the Wedge Strategy, of which the "Teach the Controversy" campaign is a major component. The "Teach the Controversy" strategy was announced by Meyer in 2002 [1]. It seeks to portray evolution as a "theory in crisis"[14][15] and leave the scientific community looking closed-minded,[16] opening the public school science curriculum to creation-based alternatives to evolution such as intelligent design,[17] and thereby undermining "scientific materialism."[18]

[edit] Discovery Institute Programs

The Discovery Institute through the Center for Science and Culture has been advancing the agenda set forth in its mission statements in both the political and social spheres. That agenda includes the intelligent design movement; transportation in the American and Canadian northwest (Cascadia); a bioethics program opposed to assisted suicide, euthanasia, embryonic stem cell research, human genetic manipulation, human cloning, and the animal rights movement. Its economics and legal programs advocate tort reform, lower taxation, and reduced economic regulation of individuals and groups as the best economic policy. The Discovery Institute also maintains a foreign policy program currently focused on Russia and East Asia.

The Institute's primary thrust in terms of funding and resources dedicated are those political and cultural campaigns centering around intelligent design. These include the:

[edit] Intelligent design and Teach the Controversy

The Discovery Institute's main thrust has been to promote intelligent design politically to the public, education officials and public policymakers, and to portray evolution as a "theory in crisis" and advocating teachers to "Teach the Controversy" through the CSC. It has employed a number of specific political strategies and tactics in the furtherance of its goals. These range from attempts at the state level to undermine or remove altogether the presence of evolutionary theory from the public school classroom, to having the federal government mandate the teaching of intelligent design, to 'stacking' municipal, county and state school boards with ID proponents. The Discovery Institute has been a significant player in many of these cases, through the CSC providing a range of support from material assistance to federal, state and regional elected representatives in the drafting of bills to supporting and advising individual parents confronting their school boards.

Some of the political battles which have involved the Discovery Institute include:

In 2004 the institute opened an office in Washington D.C and in 2005 the Discovery Institute hired Creative Response Concepts,[19] the same public relations firm to promote its intelligent design campaign that promoted the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth campaign, the Republican National Committee, the Christian Coalition, and the Contract With America. Creative Response Concepts scored an early victory for the institute in getting the New York Times to publish an essay by Roman Catholic Cardinal Schönborn, archbishop of Vienna, condemning evolution, against church teaching and the long-standing Catholic idea that God and evolution are compatible. The essay, Finding Design in Nature,[20] submitted directly to The Times by Creative Response Concepts, was prompted by the institute's Mark Ryland.[21]

[edit] Cascadia

Discovery Institute's Cascadia project[22] focuses on regional transportation. The Cascadia Project started in 1992 with Bruce Agnew, former Chief of Staff for U.S. Representative John Miller, serving as the director. In 2003, Thomas Till was brought in as Managing Director, after leaving his post as Executive Director of the Amtrak Reform Council.[23] Cascadia attempts to forge alliances between local governments to ease traffic congestion in the Pacific Northwest, utilizing focus groups[24] as well as forming citizen panels and public forums.[25] In conjunction with Microsoft, Cascadia sponsored a session involving elected officials, entrepreneurs and public policy experts including Washington State Representative Dave Reichert and former CIA director James Woolsey to discuss varying proposals for securing U.S. ports and diversifying America's energy portfolio.[26]

The Cascadia project is funded in part by a large grant from the Gates Foundation.[27] It recently created its own Web site to ensure an individual identity and distance itself from the institute's controversial role in promoting intelligent design.[11]

[edit] Technology & Democracy

The Technology and Democracy Project (TDP), has been a part of the Discovery Institute since the beginning; founded by Senior Fellow George Gilder. The project supports technology as a force for economic growth and advocates freeing technological advancement from government regulation. It utilizes national publications, speeches, conferences and public testimony to lobby for pro-technology and pro-free enterprise policies. The Technology and Democracy Project supports pushing deregulation to the forefront of the national debate and maintains a blog, disco-tech.org, [28] where senior fellows comment on a wide range of issues.

[edit] The Real Russia Project

The Real Russia Project provides analysis and commentary on the future of democracy in Russia through its internet portal, 'RussiaBlog.'[29] In addition to maintaining the weblog, the program organizes conferences and events to address current events and daily public life in Russia (i.e. the killing of Anna Politkovskaya, U.S.-Russian business relations).[30]

[edit] C.S. Lewis & Public Life

The C.S. Lewis & Public Life program[31] is part of the Discovery Institute's Religion, Liberty & Public Life program[32] which seeks to define and promote the role of religion in society. It says what "the proper role of religion is in a free society" is the "animating question behind Discovery's program on religion and civic life."

The C.S. Lewis & Public Life program provides analysis and commentary on the writings and thinking of Christian apologist C.S. Lewis and how they can influence public policy. Included in the program is The Lewis Legacy Online,[33] a quarterly journal edited by Kathryn Lindskoog and the online archive, C.S. Lewis Writings in the Public Domain,[34] which includes the full text of Spirits in Bondage, letters from Lewis, his will, a list of the ten books that influenced him most, and more.

[edit] Controversy

Although it often describes itself as a secular organization,[35][36] critics, members of the press and former institute fellows consider the Discovery Institute to be an explicitly conservative Christian organization,[37][38][39][11] [40] and point to the institutes own publications and the statements of its members that endorse a religious ideology. One church and state watchdog organization stated, "Though the Discovery Institute describes itself as a think tank 'specializing in national and international affairs,' the group's real purpose is to undercut church-state separation and turn public schools into religious indoctrination centers."[41]

As evidence of the institute's organized campaign to mask or downplay its religious origins and agenda, critics point to the Discovery Institute's renaming of its Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture to Center for Science and Culture in 2002 to avoid religious overtones implied with trying to "renew" society. They claim the name change "followed hard on the heels of accusations that the center's real interest was not science but reforming culture along lines favored by conservative Christians".[42] As further evidence that the institute is promoting a Christian agenda, observers of the institute also point to the fact that the Discovery Institute is largely comprised of outspoken Christian members,[11] who are promoting an explicitly Christian agenda,[43] funded largely by conservative Christians,[44][39] catering to an almost exclusively Christian constituency.[45][46][43]

Nina Shapiro in the Seattle Weekly article, The New Creationists, cites Bruce Chapman when she wrote that behind all Discovery Institute programs there is an underlying hidden religious agenda:

"Yet the Discovery Institute as an organization didn't get involved in the issue in order to solve the mysteries of the universe. Chapman is up front about having a social and political agenda. He sees design intelligence as a way to combat the growing reliance on genetic explanations for human behavior and what he sees as an undermining of personal responsibility. As an example of this phenomenon, Chapman cites the infamous 'Twinkie defense' used by a murder defendant claiming his sugar high made him do it. Others associated with the institute take a bigger leap of logic to argue that welfare, as currently dispensed, is a misguided consequence of the Darwinian outlook. 'If you see human beings as nothing but matter and motion, than all you do is treat them like mouths to feed,' says Jay Richards, program director for the institutes Center for Science and Culture. 'If they're more than that, you treat the whole person,' he argues, which would mean looking at such things as family structure and the role of moral and religious values in their lives. Do you really have to attack a whole branch of science in order to counter liberal views on welfare? The Discovery Institute folk think they do. 'Unless you get the science right,' Chapman says, 'it's very hard to contend with the other arguments.' "[47] --Nina Shapiro, The New Creationists

The evolution of Discovery Institute President Bruce Chapman and Senior Fellow George Gilder from liberal Republicans criticizing their party for alienating intellectuals in the 1960s to running a conservative think tank whose main thrust has been to seek the undermining of evolution through campaigns like Teach the Controversy has prompted Chris Mooney to write in his book The Republican War on Science: "You see, despite the poignant accuracy of their critique, the authors of The Party That Lost Its Head—Bruce K. Chapman and George Gilder—have since bitten their tongues and morphed from liberal Republicans into staunch conservatives. In fact, you could say that they have become everything they once criticized. Once opponents of right-wing anti-intellectualism, they are now prominent supporters of conservative attacks on the theory of evolution, not just a bedrock of modern science but one of the greatest intellectual achievements of human history."[48]

At the foundation of most criticism of the Discovery Institute is the charge that the institute and its Center for Science and Culture intentionally misrepresent or omit many important facts in promoting their agenda. Intellectual dishonesty, in the form of misleading impressions created by the use of rhetoric, intentional ambiguity, and misrepresented evidence, form the foundation of most of the criticisms of the institute.[49] It is alleged that its goal is to lead an unwary public to reach certain conclusions, and that many have been deceived as a result. Its critics, such as Eugenie Scott, Robert Pennock, Richard Dawkins and Barbara Forrest, claim that the Discovery Institute knowingly misquotes scientists and other experts, deceptively omits contextual text through ellipsis, and makes unsupported amplifications of relationships and credentials. A wide spectrum of critics level this charge; from educators, scientists and the Smithsonian Institute to individuals who oppose the teaching of creationism alongside science on ideological grounds. Specific objections with examples are listed at the Center for Science and Culture article.[48]

This criticism is not limited to those in the scientific community that oppose the teaching of intelligent design and the suppression of evolution, but also includes former Discovery Institute donors. The Bullitt Foundation, which gave $10,000 in 2001 for transportation causes, withdrew all funding of the institute; its director, Denis Hayes, called the institute "the institutional love child of Ayn Rand and Jerry Falwell," and said, "I can think of no circumstances in which the Bullitt Foundation would fund anything at Discovery today."[50]

The Templeton Foundation, who provided grants for conferences and courses to debate intelligent design, later asked intelligent design proponents to submit proposals for actual research, "They never came in," said Charles L. Harper Jr., senior vice president at the Templeton Foundation, who said that while he was skeptical from the beginning, other foundation officials were initially intrigued and later grew disillusioned. "From the point of view of rigor and intellectual seriousness, the intelligent design people don't come out very well in our world of scientific review," he said.[51]

The Templeton Foundation has since rejected the Discovery Institute's entreaties for more funding, Harper states. "They're political - that for us is problematic," and that while Discovery has "always claimed to be focused on the science," "what I see is much more focused on public policy, on public persuasion, on educational advocacy and so forth." [11] [52]

The Wedge document, a widely circulated 1998 internal memo laid out Discovery's original, ambitious plan to "drive a wedge" into the heart of "scientific materialism," "thereby divorcing science from its purely observational and naturalistic methodology and reversing the deleterious effects of evolution on Western culture." The two governing goals of the Wedge document are:

  • To defeat scientific materialism and its destructive moral, cultural and political legacies
  • To replace materialistic explanations with the theistic understanding that nature and human beings are created by God

Meyer says that the Wedge document "was stolen from our offices and placed on the Web without permission."[53] The central item of this agenda - establishing intelligent design as legitimate science through conducting actual scientific research - has not been achieved.[54]

Michelle Goldberg has said "... the Center for Science and Culture takes creationism and tries to legitimize it in scientific terms, and make it sound as if it’s really just a kind of competing scientific theory. It hires people with a lot of impressive degrees, although, in many cases, they got the degrees specifically with the idea of using them to discredit Darwinism for religious reasons. It’ll put someone forward like Jonathan Wells, who has a Ph.D. from Berkeley, and yet here he is, defending intelligent design. So they’ve given a lot of thought to packaging intelligent design to make it seem like legitimate science. And they’ve given a lot of thought to how to try to infiltrate their ideas into the culture."[55]

Several Discovery Institute fellows have left the institute over its positions and campaigns. Former senior fellow, Philip Gold, resigned his post as a defense analyst with the institute in 2002, says the institute had grown increasingly religious. "It evolved from a policy institute that had a religious focus to an organization whose primary mission is Christian conservatism."[11] One controversy erupted when it was made public in the online journal Salon that, in the summer of 2000, Discovery Institute President Chapman advised a breakaway faction of Episcopalians opposed to the ordination of gays on how to fund their desired schism from the mainline denomination and suggested that funds from multi-millionaire and institute board member Howard Ahmanson, who was also a fellow Episcopalian, might be available for this task. In a memo Chapman sent to fellow dissident Episcopalians he stated that for their campaign to succeed fund-raising was critical, but "is going to be affected greatly by whether we have a clear, compelling forward strategy" and "the Ahmansons are only going to be available to us if we have such a strategy and I think it would be wise to involve them directly in settling on it. . . . " [56][57] In 2000 and 2001 Chapman was successful in securing more than $1 million from Ahmanson for the Anglican Council, but is no longer personally involved in the schism in the American Episcopal community; Chapman converted to Catholicism in 2002.[57]

[edit] Funding

The institute is a non-profit educational foundation funded by philanthropic foundation grants, corporate and individual contributions and the dues of Institute members. Contributions made to it are tax deductible, as provided by law.

The institute does not provide details about its backers, out of "harassment" fears according to Chapman.[11] A review of tax documents on www.guidestar.org,[58] a Web site that collects data on foundations, showed grants and gifts totaling $4.1 million in 2003, the most recent year available. This is in contrast to $1.4 million in 1997, the oldest year available. The records show financial support from 22 foundations, at least two-thirds of which state explicitly religious missions. The Discovery Institute's CSC director, Stephen C. Meyer, admits much of the institute's money comes from such wealthy Christian fundamentalist conservatives as Howard Ahmanson Jr., who once said his goal is "the total integration of biblical law into our lives," Philip F. Anschutz, Richard Mellon Scaife, and the MacLellan Foundation, which commits itself to "the infallibility of the Scripture."[59] Ahmanson, who now sits on the Discovery Institute board, had pledged in 2001 $2.8 million to the institute through 2003.[60] Most Discovery Institute donors have also contributed significantly to the Bush campaign.[56][11] [39] The Discovery Institute denies allegations that its intelligent design agenda is religious, and downplays the religious source of much of its funding. In an interview of Stephen C. Meyer when ABC News' asked about the Discovery Institute's many evangelical Christian donors the institute's public relations representative stopped the interview saying "I don't think we want to go down that path."[36]

Though in the minority, funding also comes from non-conservative sources: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation gave $1 million in 2000 and pledged $9.35 million over 10 years in 2003, including $50,000 of Bruce Chapman's $141,000 annual salary. The money of the Gates Foundation grant is "exclusive to the Cascadia project" on regional transportation, according to a Gates Foundation grant maker.[11]

Published reports state that the institute has awarded $3.6 million in fellowships of $5,000 to $60,000 per year to 50 researchers since the CSC's founding in 1996.[11] "I was one of the early beneficiaries of Discovery largess," says William A. Dembski, who, during the three years after completing graduate school in 1996 could not secure a university position, received what he calls "a standard academic salary" of $40,000 a year through the institute.

[edit] Discovery Institute officers and directors

President

Vice Presidents

Board of Directors

  • Howard Ahmanson, Jr.
  • Tom Alberg
  • William Baldwin
  • Christopher T. Bayley
  • Bruce Chapman
  • Robert J. Cihak
  • Slade Gorton
  • Richard R. Greiling
  • Robert J. Herbold
  • Susan Hutchison
  • Michael D. Martin
  • Byron Nutley
  • James Spady
  • Michael K. Vaska
  • Raymond J. Waldmann

Program Advisor (CSC)

Senior Fellows

Adjunct Fellows

  • Howard L. Chapman
  • Edwin Meese
  • Richard Rahn
  • Robert Spitzer

Former Fellows

  • Vincent Phillip Muñoz
  • James J. Na
  • Mark Ryland

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ About the Discovery Institute
  2. ^ "Virtually all the leaders of the intelligent design movement are affiliated with the CRSC, including Professors Behe and Minnich" Dover Plaintiff's Findings of Fact Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
  3. ^ "Stephen Meyer, the author of the paper, is Director of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture (DI/CSC), the primary institutional advocate of ID.Stephen Meyer, the author of the paper, is Director of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture (DI/CSC), the primary institutional advocate of ID." Intelligent Design and Peer Review Science & Policy, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
  4. ^ "the Discovery Institute, the country's primary supporter of intelligent design." Seattle's Discovery Institute scrambling to rebound after intelligent-design ruling David Postman. Seattle Times, April 26 2006.
  5. ^ Chapter 11: "Creation Science" 2.0, The Republican War on Science Chris Mooney. Basic Books, 2005.
  6. ^ Discovery Institute Fellows
  7. ^ Official State Department Record of United Nations Office (Vienna)
  8. ^ Gilder Technology Report
  9. ^ Ronald Reagan Radio Address to the Nation, May 14, 1983
  10. ^ Ronald Reagan Radio Address to the Nation, July 7, 1983
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive Jodi Wilgoren. The New York Times, August 21 2005.
  12. ^ Scientist Get a Wedgie Larry Witham. Insight on the News, March 6 2000
  13. ^ The Wedge at Work Chapter 1 of Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics. Barbara Forrest. MIT Press, 2001.
  14. ^ Calling evolution "a theory in crisis," more than two-dozen scientists signed an amicus brief by written by Seth L. Cooper of the Discovery Institute and George M. Weaver and Kevin T. McMurry of Hollberg & Weaver. Scientists Defend School Board's Use of Evolution Disclaimer Sticker R. Robin McDonald and Greg Bluestein. Law.com, Fulton County Daily Report, November 12 2004.
  15. ^ "Darwinism is a theory in crisis." --Discovery Insitute co-founder, Bruce Chapman. How Should Schools Teach Evolution? Bruce Chapman. Dallas Morning News, September 21 2003.
  16. ^ "Such closed-minded dogmatism is the opposite of good science, and it shouldn't be allowed to dictate what Texas students learn about biology." -- John G. West, Discovery Institute Senior Fellow. Institute Supports Accurate Science John G. West. San Angelo Standard-Times, August 8 2003.
  17. ^ "In summary, the disclaimer singles out the theory of evolution for special treatment, misrepresents its status in the scientific community, causes students to doubt its validity without scientific justification, presents students with a religious alternative masquerading as a scientific theory, directs them to consult a creationist text as though it were a science resource, and instructs students to forgo scientific inquiry in the public school classroom and instead to seek out religious instruction elsewhere." Ruling - disclaimer, pg. 49 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District.
  18. ^ Nature's Book Shelved Jonathan Witt. Touchstone Magazine, March 1, 2006.
  19. ^ Creative Response Concepts, clients
  20. ^ Finding Design in Nature Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. The New York Times, July 7 2005.
  21. ^ Leading Cardinal Redefines Church's View on Evolution Cornelia Dean, Laurie Goodstein. New York Times, July 9 2005.
  22. ^ Discovery Institute's Cascadia project
  23. ^ A Message from the Amtrak Reform Council
  24. ^ Transportation package: What will voters support? Eric Pryne. The Seattle Times, October 30 2003
  25. ^ Private Firms Seek Support to Run Ferries Kery Murakami. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 1 2003
  26. ^ U.S. Senators and Congressmen to Address Homeland Security, Alternative Energy at Cascadia Conference PR Newswire, May 24 2006
  27. ^ Intelligent donation? Farhad Manjoo. Salon, August 26 2005
  28. ^ disco-tech.org
  29. ^ RussiaBlog.org
  30. ^ How Do Western Stereotypes Harm U.S.-Russia Relations? Discovery Institute Events, October 11 2006
  31. ^ The Discovery Institute's C.S. Lewis & Public Life program
  32. ^ The Discovery Institute's Religion, Liberty & Public Life program
  33. ^ The Discovery Institute's The Lewis Legacy Online
  34. ^ The Discovery Institute's C.S. Lewis Writings in the Public Domain
  35. ^ "Discovery Institute is a secular think tank, and its Board members and Fellows represent a variety of religious traditions" Is Discovery Institute a religious organization? Center for Science and Culture
  36. ^ a b Small Group Wields Major Influence in Intelligent Design Debate ABC News, November 9 2005
  37. ^ "Although it purports to be a secular organization, its religious moorings are clearly recognizable. Patricia O'Connell Killen, a religion professor at Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma whose work centers around the regional religious identity of the Pacific Northwest, recently wrote that "religiously inspired think tanks such as the conservative evangelical Discovery Institute" are part of the "religious landscape" of that area." Intelligent Design: Creationsim's Trojan Horse Barbara Forrest. Church & State, February 2005. Page 2.
  38. ^ "The Discovery Institute is a conservative Christian think-tank - although some of its fellows are quick to deny they are either of those things..." Short Cuts Thomas Jones. London Review of Books, November 1, 2001.
  39. ^ a b c "More recently, he helped fund the Discovery Institute, a conservative Christian think tank that mounted a public relations campaign and financed 'research' into intelligent design." Citizen Anschutz Justin Clark. Nerve.com , March 23 2006
  40. ^ "conservative Christian think tank Discovery Institute" Intelligent Deception Steven I. Weiss. Radar Magazine. October 18 2005.
  41. ^ The Discovery Institute Steve Benen. Americans United for Separation of Church and State, May 2002.
  42. ^ Wedging Creationism into the Academy, Proponents of a controversial theory struggle to gain purchase within academia. A case study of the quest for academic legitimacy Barbara Forrest, Glenn Branch. Academe, 2005
  43. ^ a b Wedge Document Discovery Institute, 1999. (PDF file)
  44. ^ Review, Creationism’s Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design Lawrence S. Lerner. Forum on Physics and Society, American Physical Society.
  45. ^ Intelligent Decision What the judge said about intelligent design in schools' Susan Kruglinski. Discover Magazine, December 22 2005
  46. ^ Beyond the "Wedge": Intelligent Design, Science, and Culture Wesley R. Elsberry. (PowerPoint file)
  47. ^ The New Creationists Nina Shapiro. Seattle Weekly, April 18 2001
  48. ^ a b The Republican War on Science Chris Mooney. Chapter 11, "Creation Science" 2.0.
  49. ^ "ID supporters present fallacious arguments, use dishonest rhetoric, and often present non-contemptuous responses as evidence that their theories are gaining acceptance." Leaders and Followers in the Intelligent Design Movement Jason Rosenhouse. BioScience, Vol. 53 No. 1, January 2003.
  50. ^ The Glue that Binds the Movement Michael Flynn. International Relations Center, September 8 2005.
  51. ^ Ideas & Trends; Intelligent Design Might Be Meeting Its Maker Laurie Goodstein. New York Times, December 4 2005
  52. ^ Anti-Evolutionism John Templeton Foundation. (PDF file)
  53. ^ Survival of the Slickest: How anti-evolutionists are mutating their message By Chris Mooney, The American Prospect, 16 December 2002
  54. ^ Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 4: whether ID is science Ruling, Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District (2005)
  55. ^ Michelle Goldberg's Gone To the MegaChurch and She Found Christian Nationalism There Mark Karlin. BuzzFlash, June, 2006.
  56. ^ a b Avenging angel of the religious right Max Blumenthal. Salon.com, January 6 2004.
  57. ^ a b Discovery's Creation Roger Downey. Seattle Weekly, February 1 2006.
  58. ^ GuideStar.org
  59. ^ Battle on Teaching Evolution Sharpens Peter Slevin. Washington Post, March 14 2005
  60. ^ Discovery Institute emerging as force in creation, public policy Karen L. Willoughby. Baptist2Bapist, May 15 2001.

[edit] External links

[edit] Media

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../d/i/s/Discovery_Institute_e957.html"
In other languages