Dimitrie Gusti
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Dimitrie Gusti (February 13, 1880—October 30, 1955) was a Romanian sociologist, ethnologist, historian, and voluntarist philosopher; a professor at the University of Iaşi and the University of Bucharest, he served as Romania's Minister of Education in 1932-1933. Gusti was elected a member of the Romanian Academy in 1919, and was its President between 1944 and 1946.
He was a prominent member of the Peasants' Party, and later of the National Peasants' Party into which the former had merged.
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[edit] Life
Born in Iaşi, he began studying Letters at the local university before moving on to the Universität unter den Linden and the University of Leipzig, where he studied and completed a doctorate in Philosophy (1904). In 1905, he began the study of Sociology, Law, and Political economy at the Universität unter den Linden.
Gusti was appointed to the Department of Ancient History, Ethics and Sociology of the Iaşi University in 1910, and was one of the main contributors to the creation of a new Romanian school of sociology. He moved to Bucharest in 1920, and began work as a professor at the city's university, in the Department of Sociology, Ethics, Politics and Aesthetics of the latter's Faculty of Letters and Philosophy.
Creator of the Bucharest School of Sociology and several Institutes, he also led, between 1925 and 1948, the intense research of Romanian villages and the publishing of its results as detailed monographs (a work in which he was notably assisted by Gheorghe Vlădescu-Răcoasa and Henri H. Stahl). In 1936, together with Stahl and Victor Ion Popa, Gusti created the Village Museum in Bucharest. He left the National Peasants' Party after 1938, disagreeing with its decision to oppose the authoritarian regime of King Carol II, and collaborated with the newly-created National Renaissance Front.[1]
Dimitrie Gusti died in Bucharest. After the start of the Soviet occupation, he had been approached by the Romanian Communist Party with offers of collaboration, and was invited to attend official ceremonies inside the Soviet Union, and was a member of the Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union.[2]
[edit] Theory
Gusti defined his view on society as dependent on a set of principles:
- Society is composed of "social units", as groups of humans linked by a voluntary organizing activity and interconnected spiritually.
- The essence of life is "social will".
- "Social will" is expressed in economics and spirituality, both of which are regulated by law and politics.
- "Social will" is conditioned by factors which are included in four fundamental and parallel categories: cosmical, biological, psychological, and historical.
- The changes engineered by the factors are known as "social processes".
- The premeses of development one can observe in present society, and thus can predict with some accuracy, are known as "social trends".
A creator of the sociological monographic method (as still used by his Bucharest School), Gusti favored and theoretised first-hand intensive observation of social units and phenomena, as well as interdisciplinarity, with the research work being carried out through intensive collaboration within the field of social sciences, but also with doctors, agronomists, schoolteachers, etc.
[edit] Main works
- Egoismus und Altruismus, 1904
- Die soziologischen Betrehungen in der neuen Ethik, 1908
- Cosmologia elenă, 1929
- Sociologia militans, (vol. 1, 1935; vols. 2-3, 1946)
- Enciclopedia României, vols. I-IV, Bucharest, 1938, 1943
- Cunoaştere şi acţiune în serviciul naţiunii, (2 vols., 1939)
- Problema sociologiei, 1940
- La science de la réalité sociale, 1941
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
- Lucian Boia, ed., Miturile comunismului românesc ("The Myths of Romanian Communism"), Editura Nemira, Bucharest, 1998:
- Ovidiu Bozgan, "Traiectorii universitare: de la stânga interbelică la comunism" ("University Trajectories: from Interwar Left to Communism"), p.309-335)
- Adrian Cioroianu, "Lumina vine de la Răsărit. «Noua imagine» a Uniunii Sovietice în România postbelică, 1944-1947" ("The Light Arises in the East. The Soviet Union's «New Image» of Postwar Romania, 1944-1947"), p.21-68
- (Romanian) Mircea Vulcănescu, Şcoala sociologică a lui Dimitrie Gusti ("Dimitir Gusti's Sociological School")
