Dhatupatha

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The Dhatupatha (dhatupatha) is a lexicon of Sanskrit verbal roots subservient to the Ashtadhyayi grammar by Pāṇini. It is organized by the ten present classes of Sanskrit, i.e. the roots are grouped by the form of their stem in the present tense.

The ten present classes of Sanskrit are:

1. bhūv-ādayaḥ (root-full grade thematic presents)

2. ad-ādayaḥ (root presents)

3. ju-ho-ti-ādayaḥ (reduplicated presents)

4. div-ādayaḥ (ya thematic presents)

5. su-ādayaḥ (nu presents)

6. tuda--ādayaḥ (root-zero grade thematic presents)

7. rudh-ādayaḥ (n-infix presents)

8. tan--ādayaḥ (no presents)

9. krī-ādayaḥ (ni presents)

10. cur-ādayaḥ (aya presents, causatives)

Most of these classes are directly inherited from Proto-Indo-European. The small number of class 8 verbs are a secondary group derived from class 5 roots, and class 10 is a special case, in that any verb can form class 10 presents, then assuming causative meaning. The roots specifically listed as belonging to class 10 are those for which any other form has fallen out of use (causative deponents, so to speak).