Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937-1945)
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During the Second Sino-Japanese War the Republic of China Air Force suffered serious losses in combat against the Japanese. Through 1942 the ROCAF was practically annihilated by Japanese aircraft and subsequently rebuilt each year through aid from the United States and the Soviet Union.
The Sino-Japanese War started on the 7th July, 1937. At that time Chinese sources estimated that the Japanese could field approximately 600 aircraft (from a total of 1,530) against China’s 230 combat aircraft. During the first phase up to 1939, aerial bombing of enemy bomber formations was tried with indifferent results,and leaflet dropping raids carried out over Japanese cities.
The Japanese bombing raids were also fiercely contested, sometimes with significant Japanese losses. After suffering heavy losses in the battle of Wu-han in October 1938, most airforce units were withdrawn for reorganisation and training.
It was reconstituted into seven Groups, one separate Squadron and four Volunteer Groups.In 1940 the Russian Volunteer Group was stood down. By the end of 1941 the airforce had 364 operational aircraft of which 100 P-40s were operated by the American Volunteer Group.US replacement aircraft began to arrive in March 1942.They included A-29, P-40, P-43, and P-66 types, and in 1945 B-25s,B-17s and P-51Bs and Ds.
In 1944, the USAAF 15th Airforce commenced joint operations in the China theatre. By this time the Chinese Airforce was mostly equipped with current operational aircraft types and was superior in all respects to the opposing Japanese air forces which remained.
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[edit] Some of the Operational Units of the Chinese Airforce 1937-45
- 1st Group, (bombers), Tupolev ANT 40 SB III, VI, B-25.
- 2nd Group, (bombers) Northrop Gamma 2B, Tupolev ANT 40 SB III
- 6th Group, (bombers)
- 8th Group, (bombers), Martin B-10B, Ilyushin DB-3 (later into the Composite Group), B-25
- 12th Group, (bombers)
- 10th Squadron, (bombers), Vultee V-12
- 3rd Group, (fighters) Fiat CR.30, Hawk, Polikarpov E.15bis and E.16, P-40C, P-51D
- 4th Group, (fighters) Curtiss 68C Hawk III, Polikarpov E.15bis and E.16, P-40N
- 5th Group, (fighters), Polikarpov E.15bis, P-40N, P-51D
- 9th Group, (fighters) Curtiss 68C Hawk III
- 11th Group, (fighters), P-40N
- Russian Volunteer Group, (pursuit), Polikarpov E.15bis and E.16
- Russian Volunteer Group, (bombers), Ilyushin DB-3
- American Volunteer Group, (fighters), P-40C, N
- Composite Group
- Temporary Organised Group-Air Cadet Flying School.(Fighter), Curtiss 68C Hawk III
- One Reconnaissance Squadron, Republic RP-43?
[edit] Foreign Aid
[edit] Soviet Union
From 1937 to 1940 the Soviet Union served as the primary supplier to the ROCAF, supplying on credit 563 fighters (including the I-15, I-15bis, I-16 & I-153), and 322 bombers (292 SB-2, 24 DB-3, & 6 TB-3) worth roughly 200 million dollars . However, of the 250-300 combat aircraft supplied annually, only a few dozen would survive through the end of the year.
[edit] United States
While the USSR provided most of the military aircraft to Chiang Kai-shek in the late 1930s, many early Chinese aircraft were supplied by the American Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company. In 1937 the Hawk II and Hawk III biplanes comprised the backbone of Chinese fighter aviation. These were soon followed by the Hawk 75 monoplane. The demonstration model Hawk 75N, with non-retractable landing gear was purchased in 1938 and became the personal aircraft of the American advisor to the Aviation Committee, Claire Chennault who oversaw training and lobbied for the procurement of American aircraft.
The entry of the USA into the war with Japan at the end of 1941 led to the receipt of Lend-Lease equipment from the United States, including aircraft. American Lend-Lease aviation equipment had already begun to arrive in China as early as the middle of 1941, though that includes the first shipments before January 1942 which arrived under the guise of purchases. Including previously purchased American aircraft, US soon replaced USSR as the largest supplier for the Chinese Nationalist air force during the war (Including the Second Sino-Japanese War that actually broke out in 1931 when Japan invaded Manchuria). The US aircraft supplied to China in its struggle against the Japanese invaders included: A-17, A-19, A-29, B-10, B-17, B-24, B-25, B-29, C-43, C-45, C-46, C-47, C-100 (Gamma 2E light bomber version), P-12, P-26, P-36, P-38, P-40, P-43, P-47, P-51, P-66, and PB4Y.
Retraining on American aircraft occurred for the most part in India. (Karachi and other cities), where Chinese pilots were sent both as groups and as entire units. As early as the end of 1941 Chinese pilots, mainly recently graduated from flight schools, began to be sent to the USA for longer training and mastery of American aircraft.
The first American P-43A fighters were received by the 4th Air Group (21st - 24th Squadrons) in March 1942. They retrained in Kunming, but for the new aircraft the pilots sequentially flew in small groups to India. On 24 April the deputy commander of the 24th Squadron, Wu Zhenhua, crashed on the flight to Kunming. On 12 May, Chen Lokun, the flight commander of the 24th Squadron was killed during a training flight, crashing into a tree during landing. In July for unclear reasons the P-43 of the 4th Air Group commander, Zheng Shaoyu, caught fire in the air and the pilot was killed. On 3 August 1942 during a training flight the deputy group commander Chen Sheng crashed. A similar series of crashes accompanied the mastery by the Chinese of almost every new machine. (It is notable that in Chinese sources the family names are given only of the perished commanders of various ranks, while the losses amongst the line pilots are hardly even noted.) Concluding their conversion to the P-43A in early August 1942, the group returned to Chengdu.
In February 1943, preparing for transition to the new American air equipment, the Chinese transferred to India the primary training groups from their flight schools. Only training for reconnaissance and photography continued to be carried out in China. In March 1945 the cadets completing primary training in India were sent to America to train further. By that time the number of cadets dispatched had reached 1224, of whom 384 managed to return to China and participate in combat. In all, from 1942 to 1945 420 training aircraft were sent from the USA to China through India, including 20 AT-6, 8 AT-7, 15 AT-17, 150 PT-17, 127 PT-19, 70 PT-22, and 30 BT-13, and also 10 Beechcraft D-17 medical aircraft.
[edit] Domestic assembly
While the modified Hawk 75M with retractable landing gear was created specially for China, it was not widely used in the war against the Japanese, in spite of the fact that 30 aircraft, and 82 kits for assembly were delivered in the summer and fall of 1938. It was planned to assemble the Hawk in an aviation factory which had been evacuated from Hanzhou to Leiyun. The location, not far from the Burmese border on the eastern bank of the Ruiluqiang River in Yunnan Province at that time seemed protected from Japanese attacks, but technical difficulties plagued the actual assembly of the Hawk 75 in that location. Although the Japanese had not bombed the factory, only eight machines were assembled by October 1940. The fate of the remaining the kits is unknown.
Following the failure of Hawk 75 production, the aviation factory planned to organize assembly of the export version of the Curtiss-Wright CW-21 Demon, light fighter. Three aircraft and 32 sets of components were ordered from the USA. The factory at Leiyun worked until April 1942, when on account of Japanese attacks it had to be evacuated to Kunming. From 1943 to 1946 the aircraft factory, which was dispersed in the ravines neighboring Kunming, assembled an experimental series of nine fighter monoplanes, probably from components of the Hawk 75M and 75A-5, and CW-21. To a degree they were similar to the American prototypes and their further fate is unknown. In western sources the first example figures under the strange designation XP-0.
