Demographics of atheism
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[edit] Atheism studies and statistics
As some governments have strongly promoted atheism, whilst others have strongly condemned it, atheism may be either over-reported or under-reported for different countries. There is a great deal of room for debate as to the accuracy of any method of estimation, as the opportunity for misreporting (intentionally or not) a category of people without an organizational structure is high. Also, many surveys on religious identification ask people to identify themselves as "agnostics" or "atheists", which is potentially confusing, since these terms are interpreted differently, with some identifying themselves as being both atheist and agnostic. Additionally, many of these surveys only gauge the number of irreligious people, not the number of actual atheists, or group the two together.
[edit] Distribution of atheists
[edit] World estimates
Though atheists are in the minority in most countries, they are relatively common in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, in former and present Communist states, and, to a lesser extent, in the United States. A 1995 survey attributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica indicates that the non-religious are about 14.7% of the world's population, and atheists around 3.8%.[1] This is similar to a 2002 survey by Adherents.com, which estimates the proportion of the world's people who are "secular, non-religious, agnostics and atheists" as about 14%.[2] A 2004 survey by the BBC in 10 countries showed the proportion of the population "who don't believe in God" varying between 0% (Nigeria) and 39% (UK), with an average close to 17% in the countries surveyed. About 8% of the respondents stated specifically that they consider themselves to be atheists.[3] A 2004 survey by the CIA in the World Factbook estimates about 12.5% of the world's population are non-religious, and about 2.4% are atheists.[4] A 2004 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that in the United States, 12% of people under 30 and 6% of people over 30 could be characterized as non-religious.[5] A 2005 poll by AP/Ipsos surveyed ten countries. Of the developed nations, people in the United States had most certainty about the existence of God or a higher power (2% atheist, 4% agnostic), while France had the most skeptics (19% atheist, 16% agnostic). On the religion question, South Korea had the greatest percentage without a religion (41%) while Italy had the smallest (5%).[6]
Some studies have suggested that atheism is particularly prevalent among scientists, a tendency already quite marked at the beginning of the 20th century, developing into a dominant one during the course of the century. In 1914, James H. Leuba found that 58% of 1,000 randomly selected U.S. natural scientists expressed "disbelief or doubt in the existence of God". The same study, repeated in 1996, gave a similar percentage of 60.7%; this number is 93% among the members of the National Academy of Sciences. Expressions of positive disbelief rose from 52% to 72%.[7] However, studies following Leuba's methods and questions only demonstrate disbelief in a specific type of God - a personal God which interacts directly with human beings. Restriction to this version of "God" makes the study unlikely to give a true sense of the percentage of atheists, and instead gives only a percentage of those rejecting this particular type of deity. Based on the questions in the study, many theists, particularly deists, would have been classified as atheists. (See also The relationship between religion and science.)
[edit] Atheism in Oceania
The 2001 Australian Census showed that a total of 15.5% were categorized as having "No Religion" (which includes non theistic belief systems such as Humanism, atheism, agnosticism and the rationalist movement). 15.5% of respondents ticked "no religion", and a further 11.7% either did not state their religion or were deemed to have described it inadequately (there was a popular and successful campaign at the time to have people describe themselves as Jedi).[8] Despite the low atheism percentage weekly attendance at church services is only about 1.5 million, or about 7.5% of the population. According to the 2001 Census, nearly 40% of the New Zealand population has no religious affiliation.
[edit] Atheism in Asia
In Israel, more than 30% of Israelis who were born ethnically Jewish become atheists (Hilonim). [citation needed] East Asian culture makes defining its levels of atheism difficult, with religions such as Buddhism and Taoism being rather debatable as to their atheism. Japan can be especially confusing, with most of the population simultaniously holding multiple religious beliefs (see Religion in Japan). In China, 59% of the population claimed to be non-religious [citation needed] (see Religion in China).
[edit] Atheism in Europe
According to the most recent Eurostat Eurobarometer poll, in 2005 , 52% of European Union citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 27% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 18% that "they do not believe there is a spirit, God, nor life force". Results were widely varied between different countries, with 95% of Maltese respondents stating that they believe in God, on the one end, and only 16% of Estonians stating the same on the other.[9] Several studies have found Sweden to be one of the most secular countries in the world. According to Davie (1999), 85% of Swedes do not believe in a God [10]. In the Eurostat survey, 23% of Swedish citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 53% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 23% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force". This, according to the survey, would make Swedes the third least religious people in the 25-member European Union, after Estonia and the Czech Republic. In 2001, the Czech Statistical Office provided census information on the ten million people in the Czech Republic. 59% had no religion, 32.2% were religious, and 8.8% did not answer. [11]
A 2006 survey in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten (on February 17), saw 1006 inhabitants of Norway answering the question "What do you believe in?". 29% answered "I believe in a god or deity", 23% answered "I believe in a higher power without being certain of what", 26% answered "I don't believe in God or higher powers", and 22% answered "I am in doubt". Depending on the definition of atheism, Norway thus has between 49% and 71% atheists. Still, some 85% of the population are members of the Norwegian state's official Lutheran Protestant church. Parts of this deviance is due to the fact that all non-affiliated Norwegians were signed into this church a few years before (without being asked), and that signing out, if they are even aware of being signed in, is a time-consuming, bureaucratic affair yielding no immediate gains.
In France, only about 12% of the population reportedly attends religious services more than once per month. In a 2003 poll 54% of those polled in France identified themselves as "faithful", 33% as atheist, 14% as agnostic, and 26% as "indifferent".[12] (however, either the poll results appear to be flawed or the categories were not mutually exclusive, as the total percentages add up to 127%).
In Great Britain, a poll in 2004 by the BBC put the number of people who do not believe in a god to be 40%,[3] In the YouGov poll men were less likely to believe in a god than women and younger people were less likely to believe in a god than older people.
In early 2004, it was announced that atheism would be taught during religious education classes in the United Kingdom.[13] A spokesman for the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority stated: "There are many children in England who have no religious affiliation and their beliefs and ideas, whatever they are, should be taken very seriously." There is also considerable debate in the UK on the status of faith-based schools, which use religious as well as academic selection criteria. Famous Britons who are atheists include Richard Dawkins.
As a former communist state, atheism is prevalent in Russia. According to a 2002 survey by the All-Russia Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM) 32% of those surveyed self-described as non-religious, agnostic or atheist. Of the 58% self-describing as Russian Orthodox Christian, 42% said they had never been in a church. Much like Australia, the overwhelming majority of those self-identified as religious are non-practising.
[edit] Atheism in North America
A 2004 BBC poll showed the number of people in the US who don't believe in a god to be about 10%.[3] A 2005 Gallup poll showed that a smaller 5% of the US population believed that a god didn't exist.[14] The 2001 ARIS report found that while 29.5 million U.S. Americans (14.1%) describe themselves as "without religion", only 902,000 (0.4%) positively claim to be atheist, with another 991,000 (0.5%) professing agnosticism.[15] Atheists are ostensibly legally protected from discrimination in the United States. They have been among the strongest advocates of the legal separation of church and state. U.S. courts have regularly interpreted the constitutional requirement for separation of church and state as protecting the freedoms of non-believers, as well as prohibiting the establishment of any state religion. Atheists sum up the legal situation with the phrase: "Freedom of religion also means freedom from religion."[16]
In Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet,[17] Justice Souter wrote in the opinion for the Court that: "government should not prefer one religion to another, or religion to irreligion."[18] Everson v. Board of Education established that "neither a state nor the Federal Government can... pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions, or prefer one religion over another". This applies the Establishment Clause to the states as well as the federal government.[19] Interestingly, several state constitutions make the protection of persons from religious discrimination conditional on their acknowledgment of the existence of a deity. These state constitutional clauses have not been tested. Additionally, some state constitutions (namely, Arkansas, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and North Carolina ) forbid atheists from holding public office, although most agree that, if challenged, these requirements would be ruled unconstitutional under Article Six of the United States Constitution. Civil rights cases are typically brought in federal courts; so such state provisions are mainly of symbolic importance.
In the Newdow case, after a father challenged the phrase "under God" in the United States Pledge of Allegiance, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals found the phrase unconstitutional. Although the decision was stayed pending the outcome of an appeal, there was the prospect that the pledge would cease to be legally usable without modification in schools in the western United States, over which the Ninth Circuit has jurisdiction. This resulted in political furor, and both houses of Congress passed resolutions condemning the decision. A large group consisting of many Senators and House Representatives was televised standing on the steps of Congress, hands over hearts, swearing the pledge and shouting out "under God". The Supreme Court subsequently reversed the decision, ruling that Michael Newdow did not have standing to bring his case, thus disposing of the case without ruling on the constitutionality of the pledge. Regarding this, atheists point out that the phrase "under God" was not originally in the Pledge of Allegiance, but added in 1953 during a time of religious resurgence in the US. Two years later, the phrase “in God we trust” was added to US paper currency.
Atheism is more prevalent in Canada than in the United States. The 2001 Canadian Census states that 16.2% of the population holds no religious affiliation.
Separation of church and state is guaranteed by the Mexican Constitution[20] but the majority of the population identifies as Roman Catholic (89%)[21].
[edit] Statistical problems
Statistics on atheism are often difficult to represent accurately for a variety of reasons. Atheism is a position compatible with other forms of identity. Some atheists also consider themselves Agnostic, Buddhist, Jains or hold other related philosophical beliefs. Some people even list their religion as "Jedi" on such surveys. Therefore, given limited poll options, some may use other terms to describe their identity. Some politically motivated organizations that report or gather population statistics may, intentionally or unintentionally, misrepresent atheists. Survey designs may bias results due to the nature of elements such as the wording of questions and the available response options. Also, many atheists, particularly former Catholics, are still counted as Christians in church rosters, although surveys generally ask samples of the population and do not look in church rosters. Some Christians believe that "once a person is [truly] saved, that person is always saved", a doctrine known as eternal security.[22] Statistics are generally collected on the assumption that religion is a categorical variable. As terms such as weak atheism and strong atheism suggest, however, people vary in terms of the strength of their convictions. Instruments have been designed to measure attitudes toward religion, including one that was used by L. L. Thurstone. This may be a particularly important consideration among people who have neutral attitudes, as it is more likely prevailing social norms will influence the responses of such people on survey questions which effectively force respondents to categorize themselves either as belonging to a particular religion or belonging to no religion. A negative perception of atheists and pressure from family and peers may also cause some atheists to disassociate themselves from atheism. Misunderstanding of the term may also be a reason some label themselves differently.
[edit] Discrimination
Legal and social discrimination against atheists in some places may lead some to deny or conceal their atheism due to fears of persecution.
For example, in the 20th century, atheists, socialists and communists were persecuted alongside Jews by the Nazis, who lumped all of these terms into one complex issue or theme; 'the Jewish-Bolshevik world conspiracy', as addressed in Joseph Goebbels' 1935 speech "Communism with the Mask Off", in which Aryan civilization was described as antithetical to "Jewish Communism".
A 2006 study by researchers at the University of Minnesota involving a poll of 2,000 households in the United States found atheists to be the most distrusted of minorities, more so than Muslims, recent immigrants, gays and lesbians, and other groups. Many of the respondents associated atheism with immorality, including criminal behaviour, extreme materialism, and elitism.[23] However, the same study also reported that, “The researchers also found acceptance or rejection of atheists is related not only to personal religiosity, but also to one’s exposure to diversity, education and political orientation — with more educated, East and West Coast Americans more accepting of atheists than their Midwestern counterparts.”[23]
[edit] See also
[edit] Reference
- ^ Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-1995. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents. Adherents.com. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ a b c UK among most secular nations. BBC News. Retrieved on 2005-03-05.
- ^ CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ Part 8: Religion in American Life: The 2004 Political Landscape. Pew Research Center. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ AP/Ipsos Poll: Religious Fervor In U.S. Surpasses Faith In Many Other Highly Industrial Countries (2005). Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ Larson, Edward J., Larry Witham (1998). "Leading scientists still reject God". Nature 394 (6691).
- ^ 1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2003. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ Eurostat poll on the social and religious beliefs of Europeans (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-05-10.
- ^ Zuckerman pitzer.edu
- ^ Skladba obyvatelstva podle náboženského vyznání, pohlaví a podle věku. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. International Religious Freedom Report 2004. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ Hinsliff, Gaby. Children to study atheism at school. The Observer. Retrieved on 2005-03-05.
- ^ Article available to subscribers only. Editor&Publisher. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ American Religious Identification Survey. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ Americans United for Separation of Church and State. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ BOARD OF ED. OF KIRYAS JOEL v. GRUMET, ___ U.S. ___ (1994). FindLaw. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ BOARD OF EDUCATION OF KIRYAS JOEL VILLAGE SCHOOL DISTRICT v. GRUMET. Legal Information Institute and Project Hermes. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ Everson v. Board of Education (1947). About.com. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-07-06.
- ^ CIA World Factbook, Mexico. Retrieved on 2007-07-06.
- ^ Eternal Security (once saved always saved) Definitions And Origin. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
- ^ a b Atheists identified as America’s most distrusted minority, according to new U of M study. UMN News. Retrieved on 2006-03-22.
