Demographics of Brazil
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[edit] Census information
Brazil has conducted a periodical population census since 1872. Since 1940, this census has been carried out decennially. Scanned versions of the forms for each census distributed in Brazil since 1960 are available on-line from IPUMS International.[1]
[edit] Ethnic groups
In part, the population descends from early European settlers — chiefly Portuguese; African (Yoruba, Ewe, Bantu, and others), and assimilated indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi and Guarani, but also of many other ethnic groups). Trans-ethnic marriages and concubinates have been common and well accepted ever since the first Portuguese settlers arrived. Starting in the late 19th century Brazil received substantial immigration from several other countries, mainly what are now the countries of Italy, Germany, Spain, Poland, Lebanon and Syria (mostly Christians), Ukraine, Japan, the People's Republic of China and Korea. Jewish people, both from Ashkenazi and Sephardi origin, form considerably large communities, especially in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
The descendants of the European immigrants, particularly the Germans, Italians and Poles, are mainly concentrated in the southern part of the country, in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, and the most populate, São Paulo; these states, together with the Spanish speaking countries of Argentina and Uruguay have a large majority of people of European descent. In the rest of the country, most of the white population is of older Portuguese settler stock. In the mid-southern states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul and in the Federal District of Brasilia, the number of whites is somewhat equal to the number of Afro-Brazilian and mixed race Brazilians. In the Northeast, which received large masses of African slaves to work in sugarcane, tobacco and cotton plantations, people of African descent are dominant. The city of Salvador da Bahia is considered one of the largest black cities of the World. Many poorer people from the Northeast have migrated to the large cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in the south, helping improve the racial melting pot that characterizes these two megalopolises. In the Northwest (covering largely the Brazilian Amazon), great part of the population has distinguisheable ethnic characteristics that emphasize their Native Brazilian roots. In fact, it is the only region where Mixed-Race Brazilians have distinct Indian traces. This is due to recent colonization by other ethnic groups, which have merged with the Indigenous tribes that lived there. This region, however, is not very populated, and these Mixed-Race people with noticeable Indigenous origins (named "caboclos") represent only a tiny part of the entire Brazilian population.
The Japanese are the largest Asian group in Brazil. In fact, Brazil has the largest Japanese population outside Japan, with 1.5 million Japanese-Brazilians, most of them living in São Paulo. Some Chinese and Koreans also settled Brazil. Most Chinese came from mainland China, but others came from Taiwan and Hong Kong, and also from Portuguese-speaking Macau—these Chinese from Macau could speak and understand Portuguese, and it was not hard for them to adjust to Brazilian life. Those immigrant populations and their descendants still retain some of their original ethnic identity, however they are not closed communities and are rapidly integrating into mainstream Brazilian society: for instance, very few of the third generation can understand their grandparents' languages.
There are also a large number of Brazilians of Arab descent (estimated at 10 million people) , most of Christian Lebanese or Syrian descent [1].
[edit] Aboriginal Brazilians
The Amerindians make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700.000 people. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in indian reservations in the North and Centre-Western part of the country. Aboriginal Brazilians are all people who descend from the earliest settlers of the country.
Although millions of Brazilians possess Indian ancestry, only 0.4% of the population consider themselves to be Indians. The main facts are the strong race-mixing and the lost of their indentity throughout the centuries.
When the first Portuguese arrived in Brazil, in 1500, there were about 5 million Indians living in the country. In the mid-19th century they were only 100.000 and in the late 20th century close to 300.000. A recent mitochondrial DNA study showed that probably 60 million Brazilians possess at least one Amerindian ancestor [2], although most of them do not know any information about their Native Brazilian ancestry.
[edit] White Brazilians
White Brazilians make up 53.7% of Brazil's population, or around 100 million people. Whites are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the main concentrations are found in the South and Southeastern part of the country. White Brazilians are all people who descend from White immigrants.
Until 1800, close to 1 million Europeans left for Brazil. The boom of the immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries, when about 6 million Europeans immigrated to Brazil. Nowadays, Whites make up the majority of the country's population. Until the mid-19th century, the vast majority of Brazil's White population was of Portuguese origin, but in the large immigration period in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, people from several European countries immigrated.
Although White Brazilians make up the majority of the population, a large number of them have some Amerindian and/or African ancestry (similar admixture are found in White Americans[3] and White Argentines[4]).
Nowadays, White Brazilians come from a very diverse background, which includes:
[edit] Portuguese
Most Brazilians are full or partly of Portuguese ancestry. They started arriving in 1500, the immigration grew in the 18th century and the boom occurred in the late 19th and ealy 20th centuries.
[edit] Italians
Italians started arriving in Brazil in 1875. First they settled in rural communities across Southern Brazil. In the early 20th century, they mostly settled in the coffee plantations in the Southeast. 25 million Brazilians are of Italian origin, the largest numbers outside of Italy itself, most of them descended from Northern Italians.
[edit] Germans
The first Germans arrived in Brazil in 1824. Most of them estabilished themselves in rural communities across Southern Brazil, such as São Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo, Blumenau and Pomerode. In states of the south, such as Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, they may represent as much as 35% of the population.[5]
[edit] Spaniards
Spaniards came in large numbers to Brazil, starting in the late 19th century. Most of them were attracted to work in the coffee plantations in the State of São Paulo. Today there is an estimated 15 million Brazilians of direct Spanish descent[6].
[edit] Dutch
The Dutch were one of the first Europeans to settle in Brazil. At a certain time they controlled as much as half of present-day Brazil.
[edit] Poles
Poles came in significant numbers to Brazil after 1870. Most of them settled in the State of Paraná, working as small farmers.
[edit] Arabs
The Arab Brazilian population is estimated at about 10 million people Besides the Europeans, many Brazilians descend from Caucasian Arabians, mostly Syrians and Lebanese people.
[edit] Black Brazilians
Black Brazilians make up 6.2% of Brazil's population, or about 11 million people. Blacks are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in the Northeastern part of the country. Black Brazilians are mostly people who descend from the African slaves.
Slavery in Brazil lasted for 350 years and brought about 3 million Africans to the country. Million Brazilians descends from Black slaves, although only 6.2%, a very reduced number that forges the real amount of Black Brazilians. The main fact for few Brazilians classify themselves as Blacks in the prejudice against the Afro-Brazilian community, although in the last decades the Brazilian media has been giving a more visibility to Afro-Brazilians, making them prouder of their ethnicity.
[edit] Mulatto Brazilians
Mulatto Brazilians make up 38.5% of Brazil's population, or about 60 million people and are found in the entire territory of Brazil. Mulatto Brazilians are all people who come from a mixed-race background. However, their biggest communities are in the northeastern part of the country. States such as Maranhão and Piauí have the biggest amount of people that belong to this group.
[edit] Asian Brazilians
Asian Brazilians make up 0.5% of Brazil's population, or about 2 million people. They are concentrated in two States: São Paulo and Paraná, but smaller communities are found in the entire territory of Brazil. Asian Brazilians are all people who descend from East Asian immigrants.
The vast majority of Asian Brazilian are of Japanese background.The largest Japanese concentration outside Japan, with over 1.5 million people. A large number of Japanese people immigrated to Brazil from 1908 to 1960, due to economic problems in Japan. There are also smaller communities of Koreans and Chinese.
[edit] Pictures of Brazilians
 Ronaldinho Gaúcho, Brazilian soccer player |
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[edit] Health
According to Brazilian Government, the most serious health problems are (figures from 2002):
- High levels of childhood mortality: about 2.51% of childhood mortality reaching 3.77% in the northeast region.
- High levels of motherhood mortality: about 73.1 deaths per 100,000 born children in 2002.
- High levels of mortality by non-transmissible illness: 151.7 deaths per 100,000 habitants caused by heart and circulatory diseases, along with 72.7 deaths per 100,000 habitants caused by cancer.
- High levels of mortality caused by external causes (transportation, violence and suicide): 71.7 deaths per 100,000 habitants (14.9% of all deaths in the country), reaching 82.3 deaths in the southeast region.
[edit] Religion
About 74% of all Brazilians claim to be members of the Roman Catholic Church; most of the remaining 26% adhere to various Protestant faiths, Kardecism, Candomblé, Umbanda, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism.
According to IBGE 2000 Census, these are the biggest religious denominations in Brazil (only listed those with more than a half million members):
- Roman Catholic Church: 124,980,132
- Its Charismatic Renewal branch is fast growing; the Progressive Branch (Liberation Theology) and the Conservative branch are in decline. Only 30% of its membership attends the church regularly.
- The Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney in Campos dos Goytacazes is one of the most leading traditionalist Catholic groups in the world.
- See Roman Catholicism in Brazil
- Assemblies of God (Assembléias de Deus): 8,418,140
- General Convention of the Assemblies of God: 3.6 Million. Affiliated with the American Assemblies of God, Springfield, MO
- National Convention of the Assemblies of God: 2.5 Million. A.k.a. Madureira Ministry of the Assemblies of God
- Other independent Assemblies of God: 1,9 Million, such as Bethesda Assemblies of God
- Baptist: 3,162,691
- Brazilian Baptist Convention: 1,2 Million adherents. Affiliated to US Southern Baptists
- National Baptist Convention: 1 Million. Charismatics Baptists
- Independent Baptist Convention: 400,000. Scandinavian Baptists
- Other Baptists: 400,000
- Christian Congregation of Brazil: 2,6 Million. Italian-Brazilian Pentecostals
- Spiritist: 2,262,401
- These includes Kardec Spiritualist; Afro-Brazilian Sincretists, New Age, etc, but with a much larger influence than their numbers
- Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus): 2 Million. Neo-Pentecostal Movement.
- Foursquare Gospel Church: 1,318,805. Classic Pentocostals in US, but second-wave pentecostals in Brazil.
- Adventists: 1,2 Million
- Seventh-day Adventist Church: 900,000
- Promise Adventist Church: 150,000. Indigenous Pentecostal Adventists.
- Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement: 50,000
- Other Adventists: 100,000
- Lutherans: 1 Million
- Evangelical Church of Lutheran Confission
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil
- Other Lutherans
- Calvinists: 1 Million
- Presbyterian Church of Brazil: 450,000
- Independent Presbyterian Church: 300,00
- Congregationalists: 100,000
- Other Calvinists:150,000
- Jehovah's Witnesses: 638,000
- God is Love Pentecostal Church: 700,000. Divine Healing movement.
- Independent Catholics: 600,000
- Groups like Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church and many other small ones.
- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ("LDS Church"; see also Mormon) 800,000
- Islam in Brazil 0.016% or 27,239 people according to the last census, mostly recent Arab immigrants)
The non-religious people, Atheists and Agnostics, number about 7.3%.
[edit] Languages
Portuguese is the official language and spoken by the entire population. Spanish is understood in various degrees by most people. English is part of the official high school curriculum, but very few people achieve any usable degree of fluency in it.
Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, giving it a distinct national culture separate from its Spanish-speaking neighbors.
Portuguese is the only language with full official status in Brazil; it is virtually the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio and TV, and for all business and administrative purposes.
However, many minority languages are spoken daily throughout the vast national territory of Brazil. Some of these languages are spoken by indigenous peoples. Others yet are spoken by people who are for the most part bilingual (i.e. speakers of Portuguese and English, French, German, and/or Italian, etc.).
Many indigenous people speak native languages; Guaraní, Kaingang, Nadëb, Carajá, Caribe, Tucano, Arára, Terêna, Borôro, Apalaí, Canela are examples. Not all Amerindians want to become part of the mainstream culture of Brazil. Though in the minority, cultural conflicts between the mainstream culture and these smaller groups cannot be dismissed as insignificant or unimportant because together the minority groups constitute a large percentage of the national population. Interestingly, some minority languages have recently obtained local co-official status — e.g. Nheengatu, Tukano, and Baniwa in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas (2003).
The Brazilian language Língua Geral which is now almost extinct, at one time, until the late 1800s, was the common language used by a large number of indigenous, African, and African-descendant peoples throughout the coast of Brazil — it was spoken by the majority of the population in the land. It was proscribed by the Marquis of Pombal for its association with the Jesuit missions. Today, in the Amazon Basin, political campaigning is still printed in this now rare language.
Other languages such as German, Italian, Polish, Ukrainian and Japanese are spoken in southern Brazil. There are whole regions in southern Brazil where people speak both Portuguese and one or more of these languages. For example, it is reported that more than 90% of the residents of the small city of Presidente Lucena, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, speak Riograndenser Hunsrückisch, a Brazilian form of the Hunsrückisch dialect of German (see this website).
Although they have been rapidly replaced by Portuguese in the last few decades — partly by a government decision to integrate immigrant populations —, today states like Rio Grande do Sul are trying to reverse that trend and Immigrant Languages such as German and Italian are being reintroduced into the curriculum again in communities where they originally thrived. Meanwhile, on the Argentinian and Uruguayan border regions, Brazilian students are being introduced (formally) to the Spanish language.
More people are realizing that in Brazil that a person can master and carry more than one language throughout their lives. In other words, integration into mainstream society does not mean that one has to become monolingual. More and more the reasoning is that if languages are a human capital of great value to some, perhaps they should be considered valuable to one all.
Some immigrant communities in southern Brazil, chiefly the German and the Italian ones, have lasted long enough to develop distinctive dialects from their original European sources. For example, Brazilian German, Riograndenser Hunsrückisch or Hunsrückisch and Talian or Italiano Riograndense. These are not languages per se but distinct dialects (from their original European counterparts).
Other transplanted German dialects to this part of the world have not under gone the same level of changes. For example, the Austrian dialect spoken in Dreizehnlinden or Treze Tílias in the state of Santa Catarina; or the dialect of the Donauschwaben spoken in Entre Rios, in the state of Parana; or the Pomeranian (Pommersch) dialect spoken in many different parts of southern Brazil (in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Espírito Santo, etc.). Plautdietsch is spoken by the descendants of Russian Mennonites.
A Japanese-language newspaper, the São Paulo Shinbun, is published in the city of São Paulo. There is a significant community of Japanese speakers in Paraná and Amazonas. Much smaller groups exist in Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and other parts of Brazil.
Many Chinese, especially from Macau, speak a Portuguese creole, the Macanese language (Patuá or Macaista), aside from Portuguese, Mandarin, and Cantonese.
In São Paulo, the German-Brazilian newspaper Brasil-Post has been published for over fifty years. The Livraria Alemã of Blumenau was a fixture in the city for a long time. There are many other media organizations throughout the land specializing either in church issues, music, language, etc. The German-Brazilian community in Brazil is estimated to be in the millions.
The Italian online newspaper La Rena offers Brazilian-Italian or Talian lessons.
There are many other non-Portuguese publications, bilingual web sites, radio and television programs throughout the country. For example, TV GALEGA from Blumenau shows German-language programming on their channel on a weekly basis.
The English-language daily Brazil Herald is directed mostly to tourists, foreign executives and expatriates.
Most major foreign newspapers can be obtained in larger Brazilian cities (Frankfurter Allgemeine, Le Monde, The New York Times, etc.)
[edit] Demographic Breakdown
[edit] Population
- 188,078,227
- Note: Brazil took a count in August 2000, which reported a population of 169,799,170; that figure was about 3.3% lower than projections by the US Census Bureau, and is close to the implied underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census; estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2006 est.). However, there is also a dramatic decrease in fertility rates since the 1970s.
[edit] Age structure
- 0-14 years: 25.8% (male 24,687,656/female 23,742,998)
- 15-64 years: 68.1% (male 63,548,331/female 64,617,539)
- 65 years and over: 6.1% (male 4,712,675/female 6,769,028) (2006 est.)
[edit] Median age
- Total: 28.2 years
- Male: 27.5 years
- Female: 29 years (2006 est.)
[edit] Population growth rate
- 1.04% (2006 est.)
[edit] Birth rate
- 16.56 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
[edit] Death rate
- 6.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
[edit] Net migration rate
- -0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
[edit] Sex ratio
- At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
- Under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
- Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
[edit] Infant mortality rate
- Total: 28.6 deaths/1,000 live births
- Male: 32.3 deaths/1,000 live births
- Female: 24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Note: states from the south have this rate as low as 12.4 deaths/1,000 live births, which shows an incredible difference concerning quality of life in the various regions of the country.
[edit] Life expectancy at birth
- Total population: 71.97 years
- Male: 68.02 years
- Female: 76.12 years (2006 est.)
[edit] Total fertility rate
- 1.91 children born/woman (2006 est.)
[edit] Nationality
- Noun: Brazilian(s)
- Adjective: Brazilian
[edit] Ethnic groups
The only relatively isolated minority ethnic groups in Brazil are various non-assimilated indigenous tribes, comprising less than 1% of the population, who live in officially delimited reservations and either avoid contact with "civilized" people, or constitute separate social and political communities.
The rest of the population can be considered a single "Brazilian" ethnic group, with highly varied racial types and backgrounds, but without clear ethnic sub-divisions. By physical type, a recent survey gives 53% "white", 38% "mixed", 6% "black", 1% "other".
The ethnic origin of the Brazilians can be traced to:
- Portuguese, Lusitanians
- Italians
- Yoruba
- Ewe
- Bantu
- Tupi
- Guarani
- Germans
- Syrian
- Spaniards
- Poles
- Lebanese
- Japanese
- Chinese
- Koreans
- Ukrainians
[edit] Religions
- Roman Catholic (nominal) 73.6%, Protestant 15.4%, Spiritualist 1.3%, Bantu/voodoo 0.3%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.2%, none 7.4% (2000 census)
[edit] Languages
- Portuguese (official)
[edit] Literacy
- Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
- Total population: 90.1%
- Male: 90.4%
- Female: 89.8% (2003 est.)
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Census Questionnaires. IPUMS International. Retrieved on December 17, 2005.
This article contains material from the CIA World Factbook (2006 edition) which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain.
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