Demographic history of the United States
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[edit] Census Totals and Estimates
| Historical populations | |
|---|---|
| Census year |
Population |
|
|
|
| 1630 | 4,600 |
| 1650 | 50,400 |
| 1670 | 111,900 |
| 1690 | 210,400 |
| 1700 | 250,900 |
| 1720 | 466,200 |
| 1740 | 905,600 |
| 1750 | 1,170,800 |
| 1770 | 2,148,100 |
| 1780 | 2,780,400 |
| 1790 | 3,929,214 |
| 1810 | 7,239,881 |
| 1820 | 9,638,453 |
| 1830 | 12,866,020 |
| 1840 | 17,069,453 |
| 1850 | 23,191,876 |
| 1860 | 31,443,321 |
| 1870 | 38,558,371 |
| 1890 | 62,979,766 |
| 1900 | 76,212,168 |
| 1910 | 92,228,496 |
| 1920 | 106,021,537 |
| 1930 | 123,202,624 |
| 1940 | 132,164,569 |
| 1950 | 151,325,798 |
| 1960 | 179,323,175 |
| 1970 | 203,211,926 |
| 1980 | 226,545,805 |
| 1990 | 248,709,873 |
| 2000 | 281,421,906 |
| 2006 | 298,444,054 |
| 2010 | 309,478,555 |
| 2020 | 336,228,491 |
| 2030 | 363,657,405 |
| 2040 | 392,445,857 |
| 2050 | 420,080,405 |
[edit] Population Growth Patterns
[edit] Projections
- 2000 281,421,440
- 2010 309,440,585
- 2020 336,485,098
- 2030 363,774,054
- 2040 392,444,054
- 2050 420,080,748
- 2060 452,505,985
- 2070 485,568,004
- 2080 501,442,859
- 2090 534,405,985
- 2100 571,440,474
[edit] Regional Trends
[edit] Marriage and infertility
[edit] Baby Boom
1946-1964 An increase in births. It created 76 million new americans. Their children are now the echo boomers.(1983-1993.) The median age during this time dropped from 27.8 years to 25.4 years. The average fertility rate(the average number of children to a woman in her lifetime)rose from 1.7 in 1930 to a peak of 3.7 in 1950-1957, it has dropped to 1.5 in 1970 and steadily rose to 1.9 in 2000, and is projected to be 2.0-2.4 in 2050.
[edit] Mortality
[edit] Demographic Transition
[edit] Infant Mortality
[edit] Morbidity and Disease
[edit] Malaria
[edit] Tuberculosis
[edit] Heart Disease
[edit] Infectious Disease
[edit] HIV-AIDS
[edit] Age Distribution
[edit] Old Age
[edit] Welfare Ratios
[edit] Social Security and Medicare
[edit] Population projections
[edit] Urban - Rural Distributions
[edit] Internal Migration
Rural flight is the departure of excess populations (usually young men and women) from farm areas. In some cases whole familes left, as in the Dust Bowl in the 1930s. Much of rural America has seen steady population decline since 1920.
[edit] Black Migration out of South
see Great Migration (African American) The Great Migration was the movement of millions African Americans out of the rural Southern United States from 1914 to 1960. Most moved to large industrial cities, as well as to many smaller industrial cities. African-Americans moved as individuals or small groups. There was no government assistance. They migrated because of a variety of push and pull factors:
[edit] Push factors
- Many African-Americans wanted to avoid the racial segregation of the Jim Crow South and sought refuge in the supposed "Promised Land" of the North where there was thought to be less segregation
- The boll weevil infestation of the cotton fields of the South in the late 1910s, reduced the demand for sharecroppers.
- The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and its aftermath displaced hundreds of thousands of African-American farm workers;
[edit] Pull factors
- Income levels were much higher in the North, with far higher wages in the service sector.
- The enormous growth of war industries in WW1 and WW2 created new job openings for blacks—not in the factories but in the service jobs that new factory workers vacated;
- World War I effectively put a halt to the flow of European immigrants to the emerging industrial centers Northeast and Midwest, causing shortages of workers in the factories.
- In the 1930s WPA, CCC and other relief programs in the North were more receptive to blacks. The WPA paid more in the North.
- After 1940, as the U.S. rearmed for World War II (see Homefront-United States-World War II), industrial production in the Northeast, Midwest and West increased rapidly.
- The FEPC equal opportunity laws were more enforced in the North and West. [1]
[edit] Immigration
[edit] Restriction
[edit] Ethnic and Racial Structure
[edit] European Americans (White)
[edit] African Americans (Black)
[edit] Native Americans and Pacific Islanders
[edit] Asian Americans
[edit] Hispanics/Latinos
[edit] Population Policies
[edit] Natalism
[edit] Abortion
[edit] Birth Control
[edit] Child Health
[edit] Demographic models in Historiography
[edit] Turner's Frontier Thesis
[edit] Easterlin Models
Richard Easterlin is an economist and professor of economics who has researched and published much literature on economic growth in the United States. In one of Richard Easterlin’s articles, published in 2000, titled, Twentieth Century American Population Growth, he explains the growth pattern of American population in the twentieth century by examining the fertility rate fluctuations and the decreasing mortality rate. In his article, Easterlin attempts to prove the cause of the Baby Boom and Baby Bust by the “relative income” theory, despite the various other theories that these events have been attributed to. The “relative income” theory suggests that couples choose to have children based on a couple’s ratio of potential earning power and the desire to obtain material objects. This ratio depends on the economic stability of country and how people are raised to value material objects. The “relative income” theory explains the Baby Boom by suggesting that the late 1940s and 1950s brought low desires to have material objects, because of the Great Depression and WWII, as well as huge job opportunities, because of being a post war period. These two factors gave rise to a high relative income, which encouraged high fertility. Following this period, the next generation had a greater desire for material objects, however, an economic slowdown in the United States, made jobs harder to acquire. This resulted in lower fertility rates causing the Baby Bust.
[edit] Demographic transition models
[edit] Epidemiological transition
[edit] Demographic Data
[edit] Vital registration
[edit] Census
[edit] Surveys
[edit] Online Sources
[edit] Historical research
[edit] Contemporary Studies
[edit] State Trends
Between, 1880 and 1900, the urban population of the United States rose from 28% to 40% (1), and reached 50% by 1920, in part due to 9,000,000 European immigrants. After 1890, the US rural population began to plummet, as farmers were displaced by mechanization and forced to migrate to urban factory jobs. After World War II, the US experienced a shift away from the cities, mostly due to the gaining popularity of the automobile and heavy government funding of suburban housing and highways. Many of the original manufacturing cities lost as much as half their population between 1950 and 1980. There was a shift in the population from the dense manufacturing centers of the Northeast (rust belt) to the outer suburbs of these cities and to newer, less dense cities in the Southwest (sun belt).
[edit] Arizona
In the 1990s, Arizona's rural population grew by 29% while the rural retiree population grew by 43%.
[edit] Colorado
During the 1990s, Colorado's rural working-age population grew by 40% and the rural retiree population grew by 23%. The statewide population grew 31%, the statewide retiree population grew by 27%, and the statewide working-age population grew by 31%.
[edit] Florida
In the 1990s, the population of Florida's rural counties grew 25%. The state's rural retiree population grew 28%. The overall population increased by 24%, while the retiree population increased 19%. It's projected to surpass New York as the 3rd most populous state between 2009-2014.
[edit] Illinois
During the 1990s, the rural population of Illinois increased by 1%, while the population of Chicago, Illinois increased 12%.
[edit] Kansas
During the 1990s, the rural population of Kansas increased by 2%, while the statewide increase was 9%.
[edit] Minnesota
During the 1990s, the population of Minnesota increased 12%. The working-age population increased 14% and the retiree population increased 9%.
[edit] North Dakota
In the 1990s, the rural population of North Dakota decreased 6% while the overall population remained constant.
[edit] Washington
During the 1990s, Washington's rural population grew by 20%. Meanwhile, the rural working-age population grew 22% and the rural retiree population grew 16%. Overall, there was 21% growth with 23% for statewide working-age populations and 15% for retirees.
[edit] Bibliography
- Richard E. Barrett, Donald J. Bogue, and Douglas L. Anderton. The Population of the United States 3rd Edition (1997) compendium of data
- Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, and Alan L. Olmstead, eds. The Historical Statistics of the United States (Cambridge UP: 6 vol; 2006) vol 1 on population; available online; massive data compendium; online bersion in Excel
- Chadwick Bruce A. and Tim B. Heaton, eds. Statistical Handbook on the American Family. (1992)
- Gerhan David R. and Robert V. Wells. A Retrospective Bibliography of American Demographic History from Colonial Times to 1983. ( Greenwood Press, 1989)
- Michael R. Haines and Richard H. Steckel (eds.), A Population History of North America. Cambridge University Press, 2000, 752 pp. advanced scholarship
- Hawes Joseph M. and Elizabeth I. Nybakken, eds. American Families: a Research Guide and Historical Handbook. (Greenwood Press, 1991)
- Klein, Herbert S. A Population History of the United States. Cambridge University Press, 2004. 316 pp
- Mintz Steven and Susan Kellogg. Domestic Revolutions: a Social History of American Family Life. (1988)
- Riley Moffat. Population History of Western U.S. Cities and Towns, 1850-1990 (1996); Population History of Eastern U.S. Cities and Towns, 1790-1870 (1992)
- U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (1976)
- Robert V. Wells. Revolutions in Americans' Lives: A Demographic Perspective on the History of Americans, Their Families, and Their Society (1982)
- Robert V. Wells. Uncle Sam's Family (1985), general demographic history
[edit] Primary sources
- Kennedy, Joseph C. G. Population of the United States in 1860 (1864) official returns of 8th censuscomplete text online
- ^ Grossman, James R. Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (1991); Lemann, Nicholas. The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America (1992); and Scott, Emmett J., Negro Migration during the War (1920).
[edit] See also
- rural exodus, rural sociology
- urban exodus, urban sociology
- Great Migration (African American)
- Mean center of U.S. population
| Demographics of the United States |  |
|---|---|
| Demographics of the United States • Demographic history Economic - Social Educational attainment • Household income • Homeownership • Immigration • Income quintiles • Language • Middle classes • Personal income • Poverty • Religion • Social structure • Unemployment by state • Wealth |
[edit] References
- The Value of Rural Life in American Culture by William Howarth
- City Ranks is an interactive map showing population densities of US cities]
- World Population: A Guide to the Web
