De Landa alphabet
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The de Landa alphabet is the correspondence of Spanish letters and glyphs written in the pre-Columbian Maya script, which the 16th century Bishop of Yucatán, Fray Diego de Landa recorded as part of his documentation of the Maya civilization during his tenure there. With the aid of two Maya interlocutors who were familiar with the script, de Landa made an attempt to provide a transcribed "A, B, C" for the Maya script with the intent of providing a key to its decipherment and translation. Despite its inaccuracies, the information provided by de Landa would much later prove to be crucial to the mid-20th century breakthrough in the decipherment of the Maya script, starting with the work of the Russian epigrapher and Mayanist, Yuri Knorosov. It proved, in effect, to be the "Rosetta Stone" which would eventually lead to the recovery of the long-lost ability to read many of the Maya inscriptions.
The "alphabet", along with some passages of explanatory notes and examples of its use in Maya writing, was written as a small part of de Landa's Relacíon de las cosas de Yucatán ("Account of the matters of Yucatán"), in which he also documented many aspects of the culture and practices of the indigenous Maya peoples he had seen and been told of when he was living among them in the Yucatán peninsula. His work was actually written after he had been recalled back to Spain to face trial by Inquisition for allegations of improper behaviour while there, and he wrote it as a defense of his mission there. The work was soon thereafter all but forgotten and was lost to scholarship for several centuries, until an abridged copy of it was rediscovered by the French antiquarian scholar Brasseur de Bourbourg.
Owing to a mutual misunderstanding between de Landa, who failed to appreciate that it was not alphabetic, but logosyllabic, and his Maya informants, who wrote glyphs most nearly corresponding to the sounds of the Spanish letters, de Landa's interpretation is now known to be inaccurate. When the Relacíon was rediscovered in the 19th century, a number of unsuccessful attempts were made to use its de Landa alphabet passages to decipher the now completely-unknown script, attempts which failed on a similar basis as de Landa's own misconceptions about the actual nature of the Maya writing system. It was not until the early 1950s when Yuri Knorosov published his landmark paper analysing it and other inscriptions in a new light that substantial progress began to be made.
