De Havilland Venom

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Venom

Type	Fighter-bomber
Manufacturer	de Havilland
Maiden flight	2 September 1949
Introduced	FB 1952 NF 1953
Retired	FB 1962 NF 1960
Primary users	Royal Air Force Fleet Air Arm
Number built	1,480

The correct title of this article is de Havilland Venom. The initial letter is shown capitalized due to technical restrictions.

The de Havilland DH.112 Venom was a post- war jet single-seat fighter-bomber of the Royal Air Force. Two-seater night-fighter and navalized (DH.112 Sea Venom) variants were also built, the latter serving with the Fleet Air Arm (FAA), of the Royal Navy (RN).

The Venom and Sea Venom variant was a very successful export design and saw service with Australia France, the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF), Iraq, Sweden, Switzerland and Venezuela.

[edit] History

The Venom was developed in response to an Air Ministry requirement for a fast, manoeuvrable and capable fighter-bomber (FB) to replace the de Havilland Vampire, a late Second World War-era aircraft. The Venom's lineage lay in the aircraft it was intended to replace, which had been the second jet aircraft to enter service with the RAF, (after the Gloster Meteor which saw service during the Second World War). In most respects, the Venom was quite similar to the Vampire; sharing the distinctive twin-boom tail and composite wood/metal structure although the Venom differed in parts.

The precursor to the Venom was a Vampire developmental variant, the FB.8, which was the conversion of a single Vampire F.1 fighter fitted with the new de Havilland Ghost engine, which was more powerful than the de Havilland Goblin engine used on the Vampire. It first flew in 1947. The first Venom prototype flew on 2 September 1949. The first Venom variant, a single-seat fighter-bomber, entered service in 1952 as the FB.1. Three hundred and seventy-five of these would be built and it became one of the first jet ground-attack aircraft in the world. It was armed with four Hispano Mk V 20 mm cannon in the nose, and could carry either two 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs or eight RP-3 ("60 lb") air-to-ground rocket projectiles. It was powered by a single 4,850 lbf (21.6 kN) thrust de Havilland Ghost 103 turbojet engine.

[edit] Variants

[edit] NF.2

A two-seater night-fighter variant of the Venom was produced, designated the NF.2. It was intended to replace the Vampire NF.10, an interim night-fighter originally intended for Egypt. The NF.2 first flew in 1950 and entered service, delayed after some minor problems with the aircraft, in 1953, with 90 eventually being built. The NF.2 had some structural differences, including the two crew being positioned in side by side seats, as-well as being radar-equipped. The NF.2 was subsequently converted to the NF.2A, which received some strengthening modifications to the wing spar after problems had been found with the NF.2 and other Venoms, leading to a number of accidents.

[edit] NF.3

The next Venom variant was the NF.3, the last night-fighter variant of the Venom, first flying in 1953, entering service in 1955, with about 130 being built for the RAF. It included a number of modifications, including the fitting of a new engine, the de Havilland Ghost 104 turbojet, and it had a new (American) radar, which led to the NF.3's nose being slightly altered. It had a relatively brief career with the Royal Air Force being withdrawn in 1957 and replaced by the Gloster Javelin. The NF.3 were fitted with ejector seats.

[edit] FB.4

On 29 December 1953, the final Venom variant built for the Royal Air Force, the single-seat FB.4, took to the skies for the first time. It entered service in 1955 and 150 were eventually built for the RAF. It was powered by a single 5,150 lbf (22.9 kN) thrust de Havilland Ghost 105 turbojet engine . It also received an ejector seat and some modifications to its structure. The FB.4 is widely regarded to be the ultimate Venom variant.

[edit] FB.50

Export version. Used by Iraq and Switzerland in the 1950's.

[edit] FB.54

Export version. Used by Venezuela and Switzerland in the 1950's.

[edit] NF.51

Export version of the night fighter. 60 purchased by Sweden and used under their designation J33.

[edit] Sea Venom

The Sea Venom was the navalised version of the Venom NF.2 two-seat night-fighter. The necessary navalisation modifications for use on the Royal Navy's aircraft carriers included folding wings, a tailhook and strengthened undercarriage.

The first prototype made its first flight in 1951, and began carrier trials that same year. A further two prototypes were built.

The first production Sea Venom took the designation FAW.20 (Fighter All-Weather), of which 50 were built, and which first flew in 1953. It was powered by a single de Havilland Ghost 103 turbojet engine and its armament was the same as the RAF version.

[edit] FAW.21

The next variant was the FAW.21 (167 built) which included the modifications introduced in the NF.2A and NF.3 RAF variants. Some of these modifications included the de Havilland Ghost 104 turbojet engine, clear-view canopy and new radar.

[edit] ECM.21

Seven FAW.21's were modified in 1958 for Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) purposes with ECM equipment fitted instead of the cannon. No. 831 Squadron RAF was the sole squadron to be equipped with it. From 1963 it was shore-based at RAF Watton and disbanded in 1966

[edit] FAW.22

The final Royal Navy variant was the FAW.22 and it was powered by the de Havilland Ghost 105 engine. Thirty-nine of this type were built in 1957/58. Some were later fitted out with the Fairey Firestreak air-to-air missile.

[edit] ECM.22

Seven FAW.22's modified in 1958. Description and service as the ECM.21 above.

A modernised Sea Venom project, the DH.116, with swept wings and upgraded radar was considered but this project was cancelled as the Royal Navy believed that any replacement needed two engines.

[edit] FAW.53

Australian designation for the Sea Venom, 39 built.

[edit] Aquilon

The French company Sud-Est license-built 121 Sea Venom FAW.20s under the name Aquilon (French poetic "North Wind") for the French Navy. Their versions were:

Aquilon 20 (de Havilland built)
Aquilon 201 (single prototype)
Aquilon 202
Aquilon 203
Aquilon 204

[edit] Combat service

The RAF fighter-bomber Venoms saw service during the Malayan Emergency which took place between 1948 and 1960, though the Venom began operations there in the mid 1950s with No. 45 and No. 60 Squadrons RAF. While there, the Venom supported operations against Communist guerrillas as part of Operation Firedog, the codename for Royal Air Force operations in Malaya. Venoms were lent to the Royal New Zealand Air Force for use in Malaya. No. 14 Squadron RNZAF operated the Venom and performed in a very professional manner against the Communist guerrillas.

The Venom, along with their Royal Navy counterpart, the Sea Venom, also saw service during the Suez War with the Royal Air Force, being operated by No's' 6, 8 and 249 Squadrons flying from RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus. The Anglo-French invasion, codenamed Operation Musketeer, had happened in response to the nationalisation of the Suez Canal by Egypt's leader, General Nasser. The air-war began on the 31st October signalling the beginning of the Suez War. The Venoms launched a number of sorties, attacking a variety of military installations on the ground. The aircraft also saw much action once more in the Middle East, supporting operations against terrorists in Aden and Oman, losing some Venoms in the process. Venoms also saw service during the Mau Mau insurgency in Kenya.

All Venoms in RAF service were withdrawn from first-line service in 1962, having proven their worth in a variety of locations across the world, in peace and war, and in some of the most difficult climates the RAF has ever faced. The last non-RAF Venoms to leave active service were Swiss Air Force Venoms which retired in 1983. About 20 Venoms continue to fly as of 2004, flying at various air shows. There are a number of Venoms preserved in museums in the United Kingdom and abroad, though non-flyers.

[edit] Royal Navy Service

The Sea Venom saw much service during its time with the Royal Navy. In 1956, they, alongside RAF Venoms, took part in the Suez War which began on 31 October. They were part of Naval Squadrons 809 Naval Air Squadron, 892 Naval Air Squadron and 893 Naval Air Squadron based on the light fleet carrier HMS Albion and fleet carrier HMS Eagle. The Sea Venoms launched many sorties, bombing a variety of targets in Egypt in the process. In 1958, during the troubles there with Cypriot terrorists, Sea Venoms of 809 NAS, flying off Albion, flew a number of sorties against the terrorists. It also saw service during the troubles in the Middle East region.

By 1959, the Sea Venom began to be replaced in Royal Navy service by the de Havilland Sea Vixen, an aircraft that also had the distintive twin-boom tail. The Sea Venom would be withdrawn from first-line service soon afterwards. At least one Sea Venom remains air worthy as of 2004. Some are preserved in museums around the UK.

[edit] Service with other nations

Thirty-nine Sea Venoms saw service with the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), replacing the Hawker Sea Fury. The Sea Venom entered service in 1956 and, during its service with the RAN, operated off the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne. It was taken out of first-line service in 1967, replaced by the American A-4 Skyhawk. The Sea Venom also saw service with the French Navy built under licence and renamed Aquilon ("Sea-Eagle"). It was withdrawn from service with the French Navy in 1963.

[edit] Operators

[edit] De Havilland Venom Operators

United Kingdom
- Royal Air Force
  - No. 5 Squadron RAF
  - No. 6 Squadron RAF
  - No. VIII Squadron RAF
  - No. 11 Squadron RAF
  - No. 23 Squadron RAF
  - No. 28 Squadron RAF
  - No. 33 Squadron RAF
  - No. 45 Squadron RAF
  - No. 60 Squadron RAF
  - No. 89 Squadron RAF
  - No. 125 Squadron RAF
  - No. 141 Squadron RAF
  - No. 151 Squadron RAF
  - No. 219 Squadron RAF
  - No. 249 Squadron RAF
  - No. 253 Squadron RAF
  - No. 266 Squadron RAF

New Zealand
- Royal New Zealand Air Force
  - No. 14 Squadron

[edit] De Havilland Sea Venom Operators

United Kingdom
- Royal Navy, Fleet Air Arm
  - 738 Naval Air Squadron
  - 800 Naval Air Squadron
  - 809 Naval Air Squadron
  - 810 Naval Air Squadron
  - 831 Naval Air Squadron
  - 891 Naval Air Squadron
  - 892 Naval Air Squadron
  - 893 Naval Air Squadron