David Duke

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David Duke
David Duke, circa 2005
Born 1950-07-01
Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
Occupation Politician, writer

David Ernest Duke (born July 1, 1950) is a former Louisiana Republican state representative, a Presidential Primary candidate for both the Democratic and Republican Parties, and former Imperial Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.[1][2][3][4][5]

Duke is a self-styled "white nationalist," and he is commonly referred to as a white supremacist. He says he does not think of himself as a racist, however, stating that he is a "racial realist" and that he believes that "all people have a basic human right to preserve their own heritage."[6] He speaks against racial integration and in favor of white separatism.[7][8][9]

Duke made several unsuccessful bids for political office, including runs for the Louisiana House, Louisiana Senate, U.S. Senate, U.S. House, governor of Louisiana and twice for president of the United States. In 2002, he pled guilty to tax evasion and fraud charges, resulting in a year-long prison sentence. He is a long-time New Orleans resident and the father of two.[10][11]

Contents

[edit] Youth and early adulthood

David Duke was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, to David H. Duke and Maxine Duke. As an engineer for Shell Oil, the senior Duke frequently moved the family to numerous locations around the world. The Dukes spent a short period living in the Netherlands before they settled in Louisiana. Young David became interested in the white nationalist movement at an early age and joined the Ku Klux Klan in 1967.[citation needed] Duke went on to study at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge and in 1970, he formed a White student group known as the White Youth Alliance. That same year, he became well-known for a demonstration in which he wore swastika regalia to protest William Kunstler's appearance at Tulane University.

He was involved in the campus ROTC where he received awards, until he was expelled due to his radical beliefs. In 1971, he went to Laos to teach English to Laotian military officers and serve on cargo flights for Air America over the course of ten weeks.[12]

Duke returned to LSU, graduating in 1974. He became famous on campus for wearing a Nazi uniform while picketing and holding parties on the anniversary of the birth of Adolf Hitler. The year of his graduation, he formed the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. He attracted attention for trying to modernize the Klan and turn it into a modern nationalist political force. For example, he changed the title of "Grand Wizard" to "National Director" and sported a business suit as opposed to a white robe.

While working in the White Youth Alliance, Duke met Chloê Hardin, who also became active in the group. The two remained companions throughout college and married in 1974. Hardin is the mother of Duke's two daughters, Erika and Kristin. The couple divorced in 1984, and Hardin then moved to West Palm Beach to be closer to her family. There she became involved with Duke's childhood friend, Don Black, whom she married several years later.[10][13]

[edit] Political campaigns

In 1975, Duke sought a seat in the Louisiana State Senate as a Democrat. In 1988, he ran in the Democratic Party primary for President of the United States. After a poor showing in the Democratic primaries, he appeared on many state ballots as the nominee of the Populist Party and received 47,047 votes in the 1988 general election. Trenton Stokes of Arkansas was Duke's running mate.[citation needed]

[edit] Challenging John Treen

In December 1988, he switched political affiliation from Democratic to Republican.

In 1989, he ran as a Republican for a seat representing Metairie in the Louisiana State House of Representatives. He defeated fellow Republican John Treen, the brother of David C. Treen, the first Republican to be elected governor of Louisiana since Reconstruction, by a narrow margin of 51-49 percent. Duke's victory came despite visits to the district in support of John Treen's candidacy by President George H.W. Bush, former President Ronald Reagan, and other GOP notables.[citation needed]

[edit] Challenging Senator J. Bennett Johnston, Jr.

In 1990, Duke challenged incumbent Democratic Senator Bennett Johnston in the open primary as a Republican and received 44 percent of the vote, including more than 60 percent of the White vote, according to exit polls. Johnston was able to win re-election (and thus avoid a direct run-off with Duke) by receiving 53 percent of the vote. Gideon Rachman of the Economist (currently with the Financial Times) recently (2006) recalled how he interviewed Duke's campaign manager who expressed concern at the direction the campaign was taking. "The Jews just aren't a big issue in Louisiana. We keep telling David, stick to attacking the blacks. There's no point in going after the Jews, you just piss them off and nobody here cares about them anyway."[14] At any rate, the Republican party-endorsed candidate, State Senator Ben Baggert of New Orleans, who had been supported by the Virginia Republican leader Oliver North, withdrew from the race two days before the election. Distressed national Republican officials had anticipated Baggert losing and fragmenting Johnston's support; so funding for Baggert's campaign was halted, and he dropped out though his name remained on the ballot.[15] Republican Senator John C. Danforth of Missouri openly endorsed Democrat Johnston.

[edit] Challenging Edwin Edwards and Buddy Roemer

Duke ran for Louisiana governor in 1991 as a Republican Party candidate, despite getting an official reproval (letter expressing the GOP's disdain for Duke's activities) from the party. In the open primary, Duke was second to former governor Edwin Washington Edwards in votes; thus, he faced Edwards in a runoff. Duke received 32 percent of the vote in that initial round. Incumbent Republican Buddy Roemer came in third place with 27 percent of the vote, effectively defeating Roemer's bid for re-election. While Duke had a sizable core constituency of devoted admirers who agreed with his positions, many others in Louisiana voted for him as a "protest vote", in order to register dissatisfaction with Louisiana's establishment politicians. Duke portrayed himself as a spokesman for the disaffected "White majority"[citation needed] and took a strong anti-establishment stance.

Between the primary and the runoff, called the "general election" under Louisiana election rules (in which all candidates run on one ballot, regardless of party), Duke enjoyed the peak of his notoriety. White supremacist and far-right organizations from around the country contributed to his campaign fund.[16][17]

Duke's success garnered national media attention. He won few serious endorsements in Louisiana, but he gained the backing of the quixotic former Alexandria Mayor John K. Snyder. A massive campaign was launched against him, with celebrities and organizations donating thousands to Edwards' campaign to defeat Duke. A popular bumper sticker read, "Vote for the Crook. It's Important." When a reporter asked Edwards what he needed to do to triumph over Duke, Edwards replied with a smile, "Stay alive." Duke lost the election by a wide margin. Edwards received 1,057,031 votes (61.2 percent). Duke's 671,009 votes represented 38.8 percent of the total. Duke claimed victory, saying, "I won my constituency. I won 55 percent of the white vote," which he had, as exit polls confirmed.[12] In actuality, Duke had done little better in percent terms than the first major Republican gubernatorial candidate in modern Louisiana history, Charlton Lyons, had done in 1964.

[edit] Challenging Mary Landrieu

In 1996, Duke ran again for the U.S. Senate, when Johnston announced his retirement. He polled 141,489 votes (11.5 percent). Republican former state representative Louis Woody Jenkins of Baton Rouge and Democrat Mary Landrieu of New Orleans, the former state treasurer, went into the general election contest. Landrieu won the election by some 4,000 votes.[citation needed]

[edit] Race to succeed Bob Livingston

Due to the sudden resignation of powerful Republican incumbent Robert Livingston in 1999, a Special Election was held in Louisiana's First Congressional District later that year. Duke sought the seat as a Republican, receiving 19% of the vote and finishing a close third, thus failing to make the run-off. Republican state representative David Vitter (now a U.S. Senator) went on to defeat Republican ex-Governor David Treen.[citation needed]

[edit] Challenging Bobby Jindal (as campaign manager to Roy Armstrong)

In 2004, Duke's bodyguard, roommate, and longtime associate by the name of Roy Armstrong made a bid for the United States House of Representatives to serve Louisiana's First Congressional District. Armstrong lost the election to Republican Bobby Jindal, an Indian-American. Duke was acting as the head advisor of the campaign.[18][19]

[edit] Controversies

Using the pseudonym Dorothy Vanderbilt, Duke published a self-help book for women, titled Finders-Keepers, in 1976. The publication gives advice to women regarding vaginal exercises, fellatio, analingus, and anal sex.[20] [21] The manual is no longer in print and hard to find; however, the Times-Picayune, a New Orleans newspaper, managed to find a copy and trace the trail of its proceeds to the original author via the publisher. Duke compiled information from various women's self-help magazines, and published the book to raise money for his activities, though the book turned out to be a flop.[12]

In the early 1980s, he was heavily involved in gambling and stock market investments, which were covered by the Times-Picayune, as well as by others.[20] Also, in the latter years of the 1980s, Duke sought to revamp his appearance by undergoing plastic surgery. He has reportedly had his nose thinned and a chin augmentation. He also shaved off his moustache following his election to the Louisiana House of Representatives.[22] [23] [24]

Duke also conducted a direct-mail appeal in 1987 using the identity and mailing-list of the Forsyth County Defense League, in Georgia, without permission, which League officials described as a fund-raising "scam" (detailed in The Rise of David Duke by Tyler Bridges).

[edit] Affiliations

[edit] Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

In 1974, David Duke founded the Louisiana-based Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, a Ku Klux Klan group, shortly after graduating from LSU. He first received broad public attention during this time, as he successfully marketed himself in the mid-1970s as a new brand of Klansman — well-groomed, engaged, and professional. Duke also reformed the organization, promoting nonviolence and legality, and, for the first time in the Klan's history, women were accepted as equal members and Catholics were encouraged to apply for membership.[21][25]

[edit] NAAWP v. NAACP

In 1978, Duke left the Klan and two years later formed the National Association for the Advancement of White People (NAAWP).

On May 20, 2004, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) became outraged when it discovered that David Duke had chosen New Orleans to host his International NAAWP Conference during the NAACP's Big Easy Rally to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education decision.[26]

[edit] European Unity and Rights Organization

Duke is the president of the European-American Unity and Rights Organization (EURO), and remains a political activist against affirmative action, hate crime laws, and non-European immigration into the United States. Duke has gained a small audience in Ukraine and a larger one in the Arab world for his opposition to Zionism. The EURO was previously titled N.O.F.E.A.R., the National Organization for European-American Rights, but faced legal challenges by fashion company No Fear Inc.. This forced Duke to find a name for his organization without a preexisting copyright.[27]

David Duke (left) receiving his History doctorate from MAUP.
Enlarge
David Duke (left) receiving his History doctorate from MAUP.

[edit] Ernst Zündel and the Zundelsite

Duke has expressed his support for Ernst Zündel, a prominent Holocaust denier, and has made a number of statements in support of Zündel and his Holocaust denial campaign.[28] [29] [30] [31] [32] Currently, Duke expresses concern for the aging Zündel on his website calling him a "political prisoner" after Zündel was deported from Canada to Germany.[33] Zündel is being held in a German prison on charges of inciting the masses to ethnic hatred.[34]

[edit] Interregional Academy of Personnel Management

In September 2005, Duke received a Ph.D. title in History from the Ukrainian Interregional Academy of Personnel Management (MAUP). His doctoral thesis was titled "Zionism as a Form of Ethnic Supremacism".[35] MAUP is a large university, with over 50,000 students, which is accredited by Ukraine's Ministry of Education, and is where Duke had previously received an honorary doctorate. It is regarded by its critics as the main source of anti-Semitic activity and publishing in Ukraine,[36] and its "anti-Semitic actions" were "strongly condemned" by Foreign Minister of Ukraine Borys Tarasyuk and various Jewish interest and anti-racist organizations.[37] [38] [39] [40] Duke has been allowed to teach an international relations and a history course at MAUP.[41]

[edit] Publications

In 1998, Duke published his autobiography My Awakening: A Path to Racial Understanding. The book details Duke's life and his social philosophies, especially his reasoning behind racial separation. The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) review of the book refers to it as containing racist, anti-Semitic, sexist and homophobic views.[42] In the book, Duke speaks against racial integration and in favor of white separatism, stating:

We (white nationalists) desire to live in our own neighborhoods, go to our own schools, work in our own cities and towns, and ultimately live as one extended family in our own nation. We shall end the racial genocide of integration. We shall work for the eventual establishment of a separate homeland for African Americans, so each race will be free to pursue its own destiny without racial conflicts and ill will.[7]

In 2000, David Duke published in Russia his latest controversial book: Jewish Supremacism: My Awakening on the Jewish Question. The book eschews the layout of his first autobiographical work, and instead purports to "examine and document elements of ethnic supremacism that have existed in the Jewish community from historical to modern times".[43] The book is dedicated to Israel Shahak, a critical author of what Shahak saw as supremacist religious teachings in modern Jewish culture. Duke denies the book is motivated by anti-Semitism.[43]

At one time, the book was sold in the main lobby of the building of Russian State Duma (lower parliament). The first printing of 5,000 copies sold out in several weeks. Reacting to this, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) office in Moscow urged the Moscow prosecutor to open an investigation of Boris Mironov, the former Yeltsin's administration official and a prominent far-right politician, who wrote an introduction for the Russian edition of Jewish Supremacism, called The Jewish Question Through the Eyes of an American. The ADL office also initiated a letter from a prominent Duma member to Russia’s Prosecutor General Vladimir Ustinov, urging that a criminal case be opened against the author and the Russian publisher of Duke’s book. The letter by Alexander Fedulov described the book as anti-Semitic and as violating Russian anti-hate crime laws. [44] In December 2001, Prosecutor's office closed the investigation of Boris Mironov and Jewish Supremacism. In a public letter, Yuri Biryukov, First Deputy of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, stated that a socially-psychological examination, which was conducted as a part of the investigation, concluded that the book and the actions of Boris Mironov did not break Russian hate-crime laws.[45]

In 2002, Duke traveled to eastern Europe to promote Jewish Supremacism and, in 2004, the book was published in the USA. As of 2006, Duke claims that the book has been translated in 8 languages. [46] Some sources claim more than 500,000 copies have been sold worldwide.[47]

[edit] Internet commentary

[edit] Stormfront.org

In 1995, Don Black and Chloê Hardin, Duke's ex-wife, began a small bulletin board service or BBS by the name Stormfront. Today, Stormfront has become a premier online forum for white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-semitism. Duke has an account on Stormfront which he uses to post articles from his own website, davidduke.com, as well as polling forum members for opinions and questions, in particular during his internet broadcasts. Duke has worked with Don Black on numerous projects including Operation Red Dog in 1980.[48] [49]

[edit] Davidduke.com

On February 5, 2002, Duke said, on his Internet radio show, that Ariel Sharon was "the world's worst terrorist" and that Mossad was involved in the 9/11 attacks. The broadcast said that Zionists were behind the attacks in order to reduce sympathy for Muslim nations in the West, and that the number of Israelis killed in the attack was lower than it would be under normal circumstances, citing early assessments by The Jerusalem Post and "the legendary involvement of Israeli nationals in businesses at the World Trade Center". According to Duke, this indicated that Israeli security services had prior knowledge of the attack.[50]

On August 5, 2005 Duke published an article stating support for Cindy Sheehan, saying that "The Iraq war and her son’s death did not defend American from hatred or terrorism" and that "In fact, the war is massively increasing hatred and terrorism. For every one terrorist killed in Iraq, we are creating thousands more who hate and want to hurt America and Americans. This is the surest way to lose the war on terror not win it." [51]

[edit] Public appearances

[edit] Public address in Damascus

On November 24, 2005, Duke visited Damascus, Syria, addressing a rally which was broadcast on Syrian television, and later giving an interview.[52] During the rally, he referred to Israel as a "war-mongering country", adding that "Washington, New York and London and many other capitals of the world" are "occupied by the Zionists."[53]

After speaking to the Syrian people, Duke was interviewed, where he said that Israel "makes the Nazi state look very, very moderate." Syrian parliament member Muhammad Habash replied that Duke's visit gave Syrians a "new and very positive view of the average American."[54] [55] [52]

[edit] Comments in the media

Since 2005, Duke has appeared three times on "Current Issues," a Lafayette, Louisiana–based television show hosted and produced by Palestinian-American Hesham Tillawi, which has recently been picked up by Bridges TV. Show host Tillawi gave Duke the opportunity to discourse at length about his beliefs about Jewish supremacism. On a show in October 2005, Duke claimed that Jewish extremists are responsible for undermining the morality of America and are attempting to "wash the world in blood." [56]

After John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt's paper on The Israel Lobby appeared in March 2006, Duke praised the paper in a number of articles on his website, on his March 18 Live Web Radio Broadcast, and on MSNBC's March 21 Scarborough Country program. [57] According to the New York Sun, Duke said in an email, "It is quite satisfying to see a body in the premier American University essentially come out and validate every major point I have been making since even before the war even started." Duke added that "the task before us is to wrest control of America's foreign policy and critical junctures of media from the Jewish extremist Neocons that seek to lead us into what they expectantly call World War IV."

Walt responded: "I have always found Mr. Duke's views reprehensible, and I am sorry he sees this article as consistent with his view of the world." [58]

[edit] Interview with CNN

In December 2006, he participated in an interview live from Tehran with Wolf Blitzer in Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer which resulted in hot debate about Zionism [2]

[edit] Conferences

Duke organized a gathering of "European Nationalists" who signed the New Orleans Protocol on May 29, 2004. The signatories agreed to avoid infighting among far-right racialists.

On June 3, 2005, Duke co-chaired a conference named "Zionism As the Biggest Threat to Modern Civilization" in Ukraine, sponsored by the Interregional Academy of Personnel Management (MAUP). The conference was attended by several notable Ukrainian public figures and politicians, and writer Israel Shamir (accused of anti-Semitism by critics).[3]

According to Duke, Swedish police thwarted an attempted assassination against him, in August 2005, while Duke was speaking in Sweden. An anonymous tip to a Swedish radio station led police to the discovery of a powerful explosive device hidden near the podium where Duke was to address a group of Swedish nationalists.[59]

On the weekend of June 8-10, 2006, Duke attended as a speaker at the international "White World's Future" conference in Moscow, which was coordinated and hosted by Pavel Tulaev.[60]

On December 11-13, 2006, Duke attended the "Review of the Holocaust: Global Outlook" in Tehran, Iran, opened by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[61], Duke said, "I think that Ahmadinejad is a very courageous man to talk about some of these issues."

[edit] Guilty plea and incarceration

David Duke pleaded guilty to tax evasion and mail fraud in December 2002. Four months later, Duke was sentenced to 15 months in prison, and he served the time in Big Spring, Texas. He was also fined US $10,000, ordered to cooperate with the IRS, and to pay money still owed for his 1998 taxes. Following his release in May 2004, he stated that his decision to take the plea bargain was motivated by the bias that he perceived in the United States federal court system and not his guilt. He said he felt the charges were contrived to derail his political career and discredit him to his followers, and that he took the safe route by pleading guilty and receiving a mitigated sentence, rather than pleading not guilty and potentially receiving the full sentence.

Duke was charged for what was described by prosecutors as a six-year scheme to dupe thousands of his followers by asking for donations. Through postal mail, Duke later appealed to his supporters that he was about to lose his house and his life savings. Prosecutors claimed that Duke raised hundreds of thousands of dollars in this campaign. Prosecutors also claimed he sold his home at a hefty profit, had multiple investment accounts, and spent much of his money gambling at casinos.[62][63][64][65]

The entire file of court documents related to this case can be found at The Smoking Gun website, including details on the December 12, 2002 guilty plea to federal charges that he filed a false tax return and committed mail fraud.[66]

[edit] Election history

State Senator, 1975 (Baton Rouge Area)

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, November 1, 1975

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
Kenneth Osterberger Democratic 22,287 (66%) Elected
David Duke Democratic 11,079 (33%) Defeated
Others n.a. (1%) Defeated

State Senator, 10th District, 1979 (Suburban New Orleans)

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, October 27, 1979

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
Joseph Tiemann Democratic 21,329 (57%) Elected
David Duke Democratic 9,897 (26%) Defeated
Others n.a. 6,459 (17%) Defeated

Democratic Nomination for United States Presidential Candidate, 1988 (Louisiana Results)

Threshold = Plurality

Primary Day, March 8, 1988

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
Jesse Jackson Democratic 221,522 (35%) Won Louisiana
Al Gore Democratic 174,971 (28%) Lost Louisiana
Michael Dukakis Democratic 95,661 (15%) Lost Louisiana
Dick Gephardt Democratic 67,029 (11%) Lost Louisiana
Gary Hart Democratic 26,437 (4%) Lost Louisiana
David Duke Democratic 23,391 (4%) Lost Louisiana
Others Democratic 16,008 (3%) Lost Louisiana

United States President 1988 (Louisiana Results)

Threshold = Plurality

Election Day, November 8, 1988

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
George Bush & Dan Quayle Republican 883,672 (54%) Won Louisiana
Michael Dukakis & Lloyd Bentsen Democratic 717,309 (44%) Lost Louisiana
David Duke & Floyd Parker Independent Populist 18,612 (1%) Lost Louisiana
Others n.a. 8,429 (1%) Lost Louisiana

State Representative, 81st Representative District, 1989 (Suburban New Orleans)

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, January 21, 1989

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
David Duke Republican 33% Runoff
John Treen Republican 19% Runoff
Delton Charles Republican 17% Defeated
Others n.a. 31% Defeated

Second Ballot, February 18, 1989

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
David Duke Republican 8,459 (51%) Elected
John Treen Republican 8,232 (49%) Defeated

United States Senator, 1990

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, October 6, 1990

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
J. Bennett Johnston Democratic 753,198 (54%) Elected
David Duke Republican 607,091 (43%) Defeated
Others n.a. 35,923 (3%) Defeated

Governor of Louisiana, 1991

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, October 9, 1991

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
Edwin Edwards Democratic 523,096 (34%) Runoff
David Duke Republican 491,342 (32%) Runoff
Buddy Roemer Republican 410,690 (27%) Defeated
Others n.a. 124,127 (7%) Defeated

Second Ballot, November 16, 1991

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
Edwin Edwards Democratic 1,057,031 (61%) Elected
David Duke Republican 671,009 (39%) Defeated

Republican Nomination for United States Presidential Candidate, 1992 (Louisiana Results)

Threshold = Plurality

Primary Day, March 10, 1992

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
George Bush Republican 83,747 (62%) Won Louisiana
Pat Buchanan Republican 36,526 (27%) Lost Louisiana
David Duke Republican 11,956 (9%) Lost Louisiana
Others Republican 2,885 (2%) Lost Louisiana

United States Senator, 1996

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, September 21, 1996

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
Woody Jenkins Republican 322,244 (26%) Runoff
Mary Landrieu Democratic 264,268 (22%) Runoff
Richard Ieyoub Democratic 250,682 (20%) Defeated
David Duke Republican 322,244 (12%) Defeated
Others n.a. 249,913 (20%) Defeated

Second Ballot, November 5, 1996

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
Mary Landrieu Democratic 852,945 (50%) Elected
Woody Jenkins Republican 847,157 (50%) Defeated

U. S. Representative, Louisiana's 1st Congressional District, 1999 (Suburban New Orleans)

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, May 1, 1999

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
David Treen Republican 36,719 (25%) Runoff
David Vitter Republican 31,741 (22%) Runoff
David Duke Republican 28,059 (19%) Defeated
Monica Monica Republican 22,928 (16%) Defeated
Others n.a. 27,051 (18%) Defeated

Second Ballot, May 29, 1999

Candidate Affiliation Support Outcome
David Vitter Republican 61,661 (51%) Elected
David Treen Republican 59,849 (49%) Defeated

[edit] References

  1. ^ David Duke: White Revolution on the Internet. Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.
  2. ^ A Wall of Wizards. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.
  3. ^ Now and Then: On Doubting Thomas and Dissing Duke. The News & Record. AccessMyLibrary (2002-03-10). Retrieved on 2006-11-13.
  4. ^ (1989-02-20) "American Notes Elections". Time Magazine. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.
  5. ^ Lee, Martin A. (2003). Insatiable. Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.
  6. ^ Duke, David (2005-03-12). David Duke answers an email about whether he is a racist. Retrieved on 2006-08-31.
  7. ^ a b Duke, David. An Aryan Vision. My Awakening. SolarGeneral. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.
  8. ^ Duke, David (2004-10-23). Kayla Rolland: One More Victim. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.
  9. ^ David Duke: In His Own Words / On Segregation. Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.
  10. ^ a b David Duke. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.
  11. ^ Duke, David. Political Victory. My Awakening. SolarGeneral. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.
  12. ^ a b c Bridges, Tyler (1995). The Rise of David Duke. University of Mississippi Press. ISBN 0-87805-678-5.
  13. ^ Kim, T. K. (2005). Electronic Storm. Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved on 2006-08-31.
  14. ^ Iran, David Duke and me. rachmanblogg on FT.com (2006-12-12). Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
  15. ^ "Louisiana Republican Quits, Reducing Duke's Chances", Washington Post, 1990-10-05.
  16. ^ Lee, Martin A. (2003). Detailing David Duke. Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved on 2006-08-31.
  17. ^ David Duke: In His Own Words. Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved on 2006-08-31.
  18. ^ Sabludowsky, Steve (2004-08-06). David Duke Close Associate Runs for Congress in Race With Indian-American Bobby Jindal. BayouBuzz.com. Retrieved on 2006-09-01.
  19. ^ Burdeau, Cain (2000-11-17). KKK Leader David Duke's Home is Raided by Federal Agents. Associated Press/. Retrieved on 2006-09-01.
  20. ^ a b Amend, Jeanne W. (January/February 1992). The Picayune Catches Up With David Duke. Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved on 2006-09-01.
  21. ^ a b David Duke. Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved on 2006-09-01.
  22. ^ Benton, Joshua. "National: David Duke Reverts to Unabashed Racism in Congress run", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Block News Alliance, 1999-05-01. Retrieved on 2006-09-01.
  23. ^ Gullixson, Paul. "Part 4: Taking on David Duke", Palo Alto Weekly, Palo Alto Weekly, 1995-04-12. Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
  24. ^ Johnson, Ben (2005-08-18). American Nazi Idol. FrontPageMagazine.com. Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
  25. ^ Photo of David Duke at a Klan cross lighting ceremony. Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
  26. ^ Sabludowsky, Steve (2004-05-20). Local NAACP Leader Tries to Stop David Duke. BayouBuzz.com. Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
  27. ^ No Fear. Urban Legends Reference Pages (2001-06-08). Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
  28. ^ Duke, David (2005-03-01). Zundel: His Freedom is Our Freedom. National Vanguard. Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
  29. ^ Holocaust Denial: A Global Survey — 2003. The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies (2003). Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
  30. ^ Lipstadt, Deborah (2005-11-28). David Duke Visits Syria to support Syrian Government and Attack Jews and Israel. Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
  31. ^ Churchill, Ward (October 1996). Assaults on Truth and Memory: Holocaust Denial in Context. ZNet. Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
  32. ^ "Holocaust Denial: The State of Play", The Australian Jewish News, 2004-01-22. Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
  33. ^ Duke, David (2005-02-26). Free Zundel!. Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
  34. ^ Ernst Zundel. Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
  35. ^ Duke, David (2005-09-09). David Duke Achieves Doctorate in Ukraine. Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
  36. ^ Ukraine University of Hate. Anti-Defamation League (2006-11-03). Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
  37. ^ Foreign Minister Tarasyuk: MAUP Activities Unlawful. Ukrainian Embassy (2005-01-24). Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
  38. ^ Gawdiak, Ihor (2006-01-27). Ukrainian American Organization [UACC Gratified by Official Condemnation of Anti-Semitic Institution in Ukraine]. BRAMA News and Community Press. Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
  39. ^ Levin, Mark (2006-01-25). Ukraine Government Calls for Action Against Anti-Semitism. NCSJ. Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
  40. ^ ADL Welcomes Ukraine's Strong Condemnation of University Fomenting Anti-Semitism. Anti-Defamation League (2006-01-25). Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
  41. ^ Blumenthal, Max (2006-03-23). Republicanizing the Race Card. The Nation. Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
  42. ^ Foxman, Abraham (January 1999). David Duke's My Awakening: A Minor League Mein Kampf. Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
  43. ^ a b Duke, David (2005-12-05). Jewish Supremacism: Author's Preface. Jewish Supremacism. Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
  44. ^ David Duke in Russia. Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
  45. ^ "Закрыто "дело Миронова"", Русский вестник, 2001-12-19. Retrieved on 2006-11-16. (Russian)
  46. ^ Duke, David (2002-11-18). About Davidduke.com. Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
  47. ^ Johnston, Edgar. A Review of Jewish Supremacism by David Duke. Spearhead Online. Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
  48. ^ Captmike works undercover with the US Government to stop the invasion of the Island Nation of Dominica. manana.com
  49. ^ Operation Red Dog: Canadian neo-nazis were central to the planned invasion of Dominica in 1981 canadiancontent.ca
  50. ^ Ariel Sharon: The terrorist behind the 9-11 Attack! by David Duke
  51. ^ Why Cindy Sheehan is Right!by David Duke
  52. ^ a b "American White Supremacist David Duke: Israel Makes the Nazi State Look Very Moderate", interview with David Duke on Syrian television, the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), November 25, 2005. Clip of the interview and of Duke's speech to a Syrian rally can be viewed here.
  53. ^ Screenshot whoknew.us
  54. ^ David Duke in Syria: Zionists Occupy Washington, NY and London IsraelNationalNews.com
  55. ^ "Israel Makes the Nazi State Look Very Moderate" Aljazeera.com
  56. ^ Interview with David Duke broadcast on “Bridges TV” network
  57. ^ 'Scarborough Country' for March 21, show transcript, MSNBC, March 21 2006.
  58. ^ Eli Lake, David Duke Claims to Be Vindicated By a Harvard Dean, New York Sun, March 20, 2006.
  59. ^ Assassination Attempt Against David Duke Fails by David Duke
  60. ^ Historic Moscow Conference davidduke.com
  61. ^ [1]
  62. ^ David Duke pleads to mail fraud, tax charges USA Today
  63. ^ David Duke Gets 15-Month Sentence for Fraud FoxNews.com
  64. ^ Ex-Klan Leader David Duke Indicted CBSNews.com
  65. ^ Duke pleads guilty to fraud, false tax claims CNN.com
  66. ^ Tax Fraud Court Papers thesmokinggun.com
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Preceded by
Chuck Cusimano		 State Representative, 81st Representative District
1989–1992		 Succeeded by
David Vitter (R)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../d/a/v/David_Duke_357b.html"
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