Daumantas of Pskov
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- This article is about Duke of Pskov. For Grand Duke of Lithuania, see Daumantas of Lithuania.
Daumantas or Dovmont, Christian name Timofei (Lithuanian: Daumantas, Ruthenian: Dowmont, Belarusian: Daǔmont, Russian: Довмонт; died on May 17, 1299), was a Lithuanian princeling best remembered as a military leader of the Pskov Republic between 1266 and 1299. During his term in office, Pskov became de facto independent from Novgorod.
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[edit] Life in Lithuania
Until 1264 Daumantas was Duke of Nalšia, a Lithuanian land northeast of Šventoji River, and was an ally of King Mindaugas. Mindaugas wife, Morta, and Daumantas' wife were sisters. In spite of the family relationship, Daumantas made an alliance with Mindaugas' nephew Treniota, who was Duke of Samogitia. Treniota had been steadily increasing his personal power within the kingdom as he tried to spark an all-Balts rebellion against the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order.
In 1263 Treniota and Daumantas assassinated Mindaugas and two of his sons, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania relapsed into paganism for another 120 years. Russian chronicles say that Treniota's motive for the murder was power and Daumantas' was revenge: after Queen Morta's death ca. 1263, Mindaugas took Daumantas' wife for himself. When Mindaugas dispatched a large army towards Bryansk, Daumantas participated in the expedition but soon returned, by feigning illness, and killed Mindaugas and his sons Ruklys and Rupeikis.
According to the Bychowiec Chronicle (a late and not very reliable source), Daumantas received the title, Duke of Utena as his reward. In 1266, when Vaišelga, eldest son of Mindaugas, allied with Halych-Volhynia, took revenge, and killed Treniota, Daumantas together with 300 followers fled to Pskov.
[edit] Ruler of Pskov
After arriving to Pskov, Daumantas was baptized into Eastern Orthodoxy and assumed the Christian name Timotheus (Russian: Timofei). He led Pskovian armies against Lithuanians and defeated them on the bank of the Western Dvina, proceeding to devastate the land of Duke Gerdenis and capturing his two sons and wife. Dovmont's daring spirit, his friendly ways, and the success of his military enterprise persuaded the Pskovians to elect him as their knyaz, or military leader.
Dovmont's election was never sanctioned by the Novgorod Republic, which had traditionally controlled the Pskovian affairs. Prince Yaroslav of Novgorod planned to punish the Pskovians for their willfulness and oust Dovmont from the city, but the Novgorodians refused to support Yaroslav's campaign and, joining their forces with the Pskovians, invaded Lithuania the following year. Dovmont was again in command and returned to Pskov in triumph.
In the next year the Pskovian-Novgorodian alliance was cemented by the invasion of the Livonian Order. The Pskovians, led by Dovmont, joined their forced with the Novgorodians, led by Yaroslav and Alexander Nevsky's son Dmitry, and inflicted a crushing defeat on the knights in the Battle of Rakovor (1268, near modern-day Rakvere). The following year Grand Master of the Order, Otto von Lutterberg, laid siege to Pskov, but Dovmont, supported by the Novgorodians, repelled the attack, personally wounding Lutterberg in battle. The knights sought peace at any cost and their attacks on Pskov and Novgorod ceased for thirty years.
[edit] Later years and memory
In 1270, Yaroslav again attempted to interfere into Pskovian affairs and to replace Dovmont by his puppet ruler. The Pskovians stood up for Dovmont, forcing Yaroslav to abandon his plans. In order to strengthen his position, Dovmont married Dmitry's daughter, Maria. In 1282, when his father-in-law was ousted from Vladimir to Koporye, Dovmont made a sally into Ladoga, where he captured Dmitry's treasury from the Novgorodians and transported it to Koporye. Thereupon his name disappears from chronicles for some seventeen years.
In 1299, the knights unexpectely invaded North-Western Russia and laid siege to Pskov. Having expelled them from the republic, Dovmont abruptly lapsed into illness and died, survived by his only son, David of Hrodna. His body was buried in the Trinity Cathedral, where his sword and personal effects would be on exhibit until the 20th century.
According to Pskovian chronicles, no ruler was loved by the citizens of Pskov more than Dovmont; they particularly praise his military skills and wisdom. After the Russian Orthodox Church canonized him, he came to be regarded as a patron saint of Pskov (on the par with Vsevolod Mstislavich). The fortifications erected by Dovmont in Pskov's downtown became known as Dovmont Town. A church to the memory of the blessed prince Dovmont-Timotheus was consecrated there in 1574.
In the 1990s, Russian author Sergei Kalitin wrote a novel, Hour of the Wolf, about the life of Daumantas and his transition from a minor Lithuanian noble to Prince of Pskov.
[edit] References
- (Lithuanian) "Daumantas". Encyclopedia Lituanica II: 39-40. (1970-1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. LCC 74-114275.
- (Lithuanian) Ivinskis, Zenonas. (1937). "Daumantai". Lietuviškoji enciklopedija VI: 172-177. Ed. Vaclovas Biržiška. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas.
