Data architecture

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Data architecture describes how data is processed, stored, and utilized in a given system. It provides criteria for data processing operations that make it possible to design data flows and also control the flow of data in the system.

Data architecture is a term commonly used in one of two senses:

physical: the data infrastructure or database architecture, e.g. database servers, data replication tools, and middleware
logical or enterprise-wide: the "data" column of the Zachman framework for enterprise architecture --

Layer	View	Data (What)
1	Scope/Contextual (Planner view)	List of things important to the business (subject areas)
2	Business Model/Conceptual (Owner view)	Semantic model or Conceptual/Enterprise Data Model
3	System Model/Logical (Designer view)	Enterprise/Logical Data Model
4	Technology Model/Physical (Builder view)	Physical Data Model
5	Detailed Representations/ out-of-context (Subcontractor view)	Data Definition

In this second, broader sense, data architecture includes a complete analysis of the relationships between an organization's functions, available technologies, and data types.

Data architecture should be defined in the planning phase of the design of a new data processing and storage system. The major types and sources of data necessary to support an enterprise should be identified in a manner that is complete, consistent, and understandable. The primary requirement at this stage is to define all of the relevant data entities, not to specify computer hardware items. A data entity is any real or abstracted thing about which an organization or individual wishes to store data.

1 Physical data architecture
2 Elements of data architecture
3 Forces at work
4 Sources
5 External links

[edit] Physical data architecture

Physical data architecture of an information system is part of a technology plan. As its name implies, the technology plan is focused on the actual tangible elements to be used in the implementation of the data architecture design. Physical data architecture encompasses database architecture. Database architecture is a schema of the actual database technology that will support the designed data architecture.

[edit] Elements of data architecture

There are certain elements that must be defined as the data architecture schema of an organization is designed. For example, the administrative structure that will be established in order to manage the data resources must be described. Also, the methodologies that will be employed to store the data must be defined. In addition, a description of the database technology to be employed must be generated, as well as a description of the processes that will manipulate the data. It is also important to design interfaces to the data by other systems, as well as a design for the infrastructure that will support common data operations (i.e. emergency procedures, data imports, data backups, external transfers of data).

Without the guidance of a properly implemented data architecture design, common data operations might be implemented in different ways, rendering it difficult to understand and control the flow of data within such systems. This sort of fragmentation is highly undesirable due to the potential increased cost, and the data disconnects involved. These sorts of difficulties may be encountered with rapidly growing enterprises and also enterprises that service different lines of business (e.g. insurance products).

Properly executed, the data architecture phase of information system planning forces an organization to specify and delineate both internal and external information flows. These are patterns that the organization may not have previously taken the time to conceptualize. It is therefore possible at this stage to identify costly information shortfalls, disconnects between departments, and disconnects between organizational systems that may not have been evident before the data architecture analysis.

[edit] Forces at work

Various constraints and influences will have an effect on data architecture design. These include enterprise requirements, technology drivers, economics, business policies and data processing needs.

Enterprise requirements will generally include such elements as economical and effective system expansion, acceptable performance levels (especially system access speed), transaction reliability, and transparent management of data. In addition, the conversion of raw data such as transaction records and image files into more useful information forms through such features as data warehouses is also a common organizational requirement, since this enables managerial decision making and other organizational processes.

Technology drivers are usually suggested by the completed data architecture and database architecture designs. In addition, some technology drivers will derive from existing organizational integration frameworks and standards, organizational economics, and existing site resources (e.g. previously purchased software licensing).

Economics are also important factors that must be considered during the data architecture phase. It is possible that some solutions, while optimal, may not be potential candidates due to their cost. External factors such as the business cycle, interest rates, market conditions, and legal considerations could all have an effect on decisions relevant to data architecture.

Business policies that also drive data architecture design include internal organizational policies, rules of regulatory bodies, professional standards, and applicable governmental laws that can vary by applicable agency. These policies and rules will help describe the manner in which enterprise wishes to process their data.

Data processing needs include accurate and reproducible transactions performed in high volumes, data warehousing for the support of management information systems (and potential data mining), repetitive periodic reporting, ad hoc reporting, and support of various organizational initiatives as required (i.e. annual budgets, new product development).

[edit] Sources

Achieving Usability Through Software Architecture, 2001 Bass, L.; John, B.; & Kates, J., 2001, Carnegie Mellon University

Enterprise Information System Data Architecture Guide, An, 2001 Lewis, G.; Comella-Dorda, S.; Place, P.; Plakosh, D.; & Seacord, R., 2001, Carnegie Mellon University