Dallas Walker Smythe
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Dallas Walker Smythe (March 9, 1907, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada – September 6, 1992, Langley, British Columbia) was a political activist and researcher who contributed to a political economy of communications. He believed that research should be used to develop knowledge that could be applied to policies in support of public interest and the disenfranchised in the face of private capital. He focused his research on mass media and telecommunications. Some of his main ideas included the “invisible triangle” (broadcasters, advertisers and audience members), and the “audience commodity”. Much of his efforts were the result of his attempts to differentiate between Administrative and Critical Communications research.
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[edit] Background and education
Dallas Walker Smythe was born 1907 in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. His father ran a hardware store in Regina, and his mother was a nurse from Caledonia. They married 1906. His father was a Presbyterian, and his mother followed the Church of England. Religion was important in his early childhood. The family didn't follow any particular church, but often read the passages in the New Testament that discussed the ethical principles of Christianity, which held ideas of primitive socialism. As a child, he almost died of the flu, and subsequently his family move to Pasadena, California in search of a healthier climate. On encouragement of junior college economics teacher, Smythe wrote an essay for national contest, and won $100. This encouraged him to pursue economics and become a teacher. Smythe was shy in junior college and didn’t date much. He eventually married Beatrice Bell, first woman he fell in love with. After studying at the University of California, Los Angeles in his third year of junior college, he finished his degree at the University of California, Berkeley, achieving his A.B. in Economics in 1928. Later that year, he entered Ph.D. Economics program at Berkeley, where he undertook a seven year thesis on the East San Francisco transit system.[1]
[edit] Government career and impetus for applied social science research
After finishing his Ph.D., Dallas W. Smythe worked for 14 years in various government departments as an economist: the Department of Agriculture (1934-47), Central Statistics Board (1937-38), the Department of Labor (1938-41), the Federal Communications Commission (1943-48). During his time at the F.C.C, Smythe helped create the Blue Book, which administered telecommunications policy until the 1960s.
During his time working with the government, his ideas about social justice, social science research and the media were shaped by a number of events. The shooting of picketers by the National Guard at the San Francisco Longshore Strike, and the plight of drought-driven farmers of Midwest during the Depression demonstrated to Smythe the vagaries of class struggle. However, it was his concern for the Spanish Civil War and the citizens' struggle against fascism that led him to being involved with the American League for Peace and Democracy, which promoted education and political action to help lift the arms embargo.[1]
Because of his activities with the American League for Peace and Democracy, Smythe was investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as a premature antifascist. Later, when he applied for position as Economics Professor at University of Illinois, Urbana, his appointment was attacked with fallacies about his former activities. J. Edgar Hoover refused to give his FBI files to the university administration. However, the attorney general intervened and Smythe was duly appointed to the University of Illinois, where he taught Communications and Economics until 1963.[1]
During the period of McCarthyism, Smythe found it difficult to get articles published or to get money to fund research. He left the US after the Cuban missile crisis, because he feared for family’s welfare in the US. The Smythe family moved to Canada in 1963, and Dallas found a job teaching Communication and Economics at the University of Saskatchewan for the next 10 years.[1] Later, he became professor in the Communication Department at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC from 1974 until his death in 1992 at age of 85.[2]
[edit] Major works
- Smythe, D.W. (1977). "Communications: Blindspot of Western Marxism". Canadian Journal of Political and Society Theory 1 (3): 1-28.
- Smythe, D.W. (1981). Dependency Road: Communications, Capitalism, Consciousness and Canada. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
- Smythe, D.W. (1981). Melody, W.H., Salter, L., and Heyer, P. (Eds.) "Communications: Blindspot of Economics". Culture, Communication and Dependency: The Tradition of J.A. Innis, Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
- Smythe, D.W. & T. Van Dinh (1983). "On Critical and Administrative Research: A New Critical Analysis". Journal of Communication 33 (3): 117-127. DOI:doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1983.tb02413.x. In G. Gerbner (Ed.) Ferment in the Field
[edit] School of thought
Smythe applied social science methodologies against the flows of the capitalist system. He believed that a researcher must be engaged with the social processes studied. Overall, Smythe wanted to expose political and economic power relations that were reproduced in institutional relations, embedded in technology and represented in communications.[3]
His theoretical approach was social realism, which acknowledged that institutions and policies mediate cultural realism. He also used Critical Marxist theory, which he posited did not have to be explicitly Marxist, but must be critical of phenomena in their systemic context.[4]
[edit] Key concepts
Probably one of his most influential ideas was that of the ‘audience-commodity’. In "Communications: Blindspot of Western Marxism", Smythe writes about monopoly capitalism's dissolution of the boundary between an individual’s role as worker and buyer. Smythe believed that all non-sleeping time is work time. Work time is devoted to the production of commodities, producing and reproducing labour power. Time away from work, but not asleep is sold as a commodity to advertisers. This is the audience commodity, which perform marketing functions and work at the production and reproduction of labour power.[5]
Other ideas include “cultural screens”, which denote a struggle over the terms of national development with regard to which class it would serve, “audience power”, whereby the consciousness industry is resisted by people and older institutions and “cultural realism”, where the central values of a system are expressed in artifacts, practices and institutions.[3]
Smythe also believed that technology is the result of social systems values and policies, which it reproduces regardless of judicial issues, and that science and technique are political, involving choice of problems to study and knowledge to practice.[3]
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d Dervin, B. (1993). J. Wasko, V. Mosco & M. Pendakur (Eds.) "Dallas Smythe: Epilogue as Prologue". Illuminating the Blindspots: Essays honoring Dallas W. Smythe, 401-409, New Jersey, USA: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
- ^ Melody, B. (1994). T. Guback (Ed.) "Dallas Smythe: Pioneer in the political economy of communications". Counterclockwise: Perspectives on communication, 1-6, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
- ^ a b c Mansell, R. (1995). J. A. Lent (Ed.) "Against the flow: The peculiar opportunity of social scientists". A Different Road Taken: Profiles in critical communication, 43-66, USA: Westview Press.
- ^ Pendakur, M. (1995). J. A. Lent (Ed.) ""Critical" Communication Research: New Directions". A Different Road Taken: Profiles in critical communication, 67-78, USA: Westview Press.
- ^ Smythe, D. W. (1994). T. Guback (Ed.) "Communications: Blindspot of Western Marxism". Counterclockwise: Perspectives on communication, 263-291, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
- Lent, J. A. (1995). J. A. Lent (Ed.) "Interview with Dallas W. Smythe". A Different Road Taken: Profiles in critical communication, 21-42, USA: Westview Press.
